Short and longer-term impacts of health insurance on catastrophic health expenditures in Kwara State, Nigeria

Table 2 Means of CHE & Health Insurance Variables (Balanced panel)

		2009				2011				2013
		Total	Control	Treatment	P-value of Diff. of Means	Total	Control	Treatment	Mean Diff & p-value	Total	Control	Treatment	P-value of Diff. of Means
CHE
*Number of observations*		1039	367	672	1039	1039	367	672	1039	1039	367	672	1039
Catastrophic health exp (10% threshold)	Mean	0.019	0.019	0.019	0.976	0.030	0.057	0.015	0.000***	0.030	0.035	0.027	0.435
Catastrophic health exp (10% threshold)	SD	(0.137)	(0.137)	(0.138)		(0.170)	(0.233)	(0.121)		(0.170)	(0.185)	(0.162)
Catastrophic health exp (> = 40% of CTP)	Mean	0.013	0.008	0.015	0.353	0.019	0.019	0.019	0.976	0.034	0.035	0.033	0.819
Catastrophic health exp (> = 40% of CTP)	SD	(0.111)	(0.090)	(0.121)		(0.137)	(0.137)	(0.138)		(0.181)	(0.185)	(0.178)
Health Insurance status
Insured (% of individuals)	Mean	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.927	0.205	0.001	0.319	0.000***	0.205	0.001	0.319	0.000***
Insured (% of individuals)	SD	(0.048)	(0.049)	(0.048)		(0.404)	(0.029)	(0.466)		(0.404)	(0.028)	(0.466)
Insured (% of households)	Mean	0.010	0.008	0.010	0.724	0.295	0.003	0.454	0.000***	0.333	0.005	0.512	0.000***
Insured (% of households)	SD	(0.098)	(0.090)	(0.102)		(0.456)	(0.052)	(0.498)		(0.472)	(0.074)	(0.500)

Based on the balanced panel of 1,039 households and 3,450 individuals
^* p < 0.1; ** p < 0.05; *** p < 0.01. Standard deviation in parentheses. Standard errors for Diff of means clustered at EA level
Treatment and control indicate households living in the treatment and the control area at baseline, respectively
Catastrophic health exp (10% threshold): indicator variable coded as 1 if out-of-pocket health spending is greater than 10% of annual household consumption
Catastrophic health exp (40% of CTP): indicator variable coded as 1 if out-of-pocket health spending is greater than 40% of household capacity to pay
Insured for households is an indicator variable coded as 1 if a respondent is insured in the health insurance program. At the household level, Insured is coded as 1 if at least one person in the household is enrolled in the health insurance

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