Table 1 Baseline Household Characteristics of Balanced panel: 2009 (Treatment and Control Areas), 2011 & 2013 (Insured and Uninsured in Treatment Area)

Demographic characteristics

Age of HH head

52.11

49.46

53.56

-4.096***

55.96

54.98

-0.984

57.15

57.78

0.627

Household head is Female

0.221

0.278

0.190

0.088***

0.231

0.211

-0.020

0.291

0.212

-0.079**

Dummy: household head is married

0.796

0.775

0.807

-0.031

0.769

0.825

0.056*

0.696

0.789

0.093**

Household size

4.437

4.431

4.440

-0.010

4.504

4.725

0.221

3.909

4.657

0.748***

Socio-economic characteristics

HH head: At least primary school education

0.559

0.676

0.496

0.180***

0.447

0.554

0.107**

0.470

0.520

0.051

Dummy: household head has worked in past year

0.930

0.932

0.929

0.003

0.933

0.928

-0.006

0.929

0.883

-0.047**

Annual non-medical consumption of household (in Naira)

560,917

602,190

538,377

63,813

453,931

573,795

119,864***

435,809

520,082

84,273**

Wealth Index (1–3)

1.999

2.232

1.872

0.360***

1.706

2.072

0.366***

1.747

1.991

0.244***

Wealth Index = Poor

0.334

0.221

0.396

0.175***

0.488

0.285

-0.202***

0.448

0.346

-0.102**

Wealth Index = Middle

0.333

0.327

0.336

0.009

0.319

0.357

0.039

0.357

0.317

-0.040

Wealth Index = Rich

0.333

0.452

0.268

0.184***

0.193

0.357

0.164***

0.195

0.337

0.142***

Good quality toilet

0.081

0.202

0.015

0.187***

0.005

0.0393

0.034**

0.009

0.0349

0.026*

Good quality drinking water

0.808

0.894

0.760

0.133***

0.768

0.800

0.032

0.777

0.797

0.019

Urban: Household lives in a town vs village

0.519

0.572

0.490

0.083

0.357

0.649

0.292***

0.424

0.552

0.129**

Health-related characteristics

Distance (km) to nearest HCHP clinic

3.158

3.655

2.887

0.768

3.616

2.386

-1.230***

3.536

2.794

-0.742**

Distance (km) to nearest clinic (all 79 clinics)

1.191

1.185

1.194

-0.001

1.409

1.133

-0.277

1.324

1.328

0.004

Dummy: All HH members can do daily activities without difficulty

0.311

0.365

0.281

0.084**

0.259

0.216

-0.042

0.329

0.215

-0.114***

Dummy: at least 1 HH member has a chronic disease

0.218

0.234

0.210

0.025

0.332

0.390

0.058

0.326

0.462

0.136***

Dummy: at least 1 HH member had an acute illness/injury in past 12 months

0.400

0.447

0.375

0.072

0.499

0.636

0.137**

0.628

0.770

0.142***

HH annual health expenditures (excl. premium)

4,809

4,748

4,843

-95.48

3,752

3,809

56.947

6,125

7,125

1,000

Dummy at least one person in household is insured

0.001

0.008

0.010

-0.002

0

1

1.000***

0

1

1.000

Number of Observations

1,039

367

672

1,039

367

305

672

328

344

672