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Table 1 Characteristics among patients seen in primary care in the 3 years before randomization

From: Baseline representativeness of patients in clinics enrolled in the PRimary care Opioid Use Disorders treatment (PROUD) trial: comparison of trial and non-trial clinics in the same health systems

Characteristics

All patients

(Eligible population for OUD treatment analysis)

N = 589,566

Patients with documented OUD diagnosis

(Eligible population for acute care utilization analysis)

N = 4658

10 PROUD trial clinics

No. patients = 248,436

20 non-trial clinics

No. patients = 341,130

SMD

10 PROUD trial clinics

No. patients = 1935

20 non-trial clinics

No. patients = 2723

SMD

Age in years

          

 Mean (SD)

48.5

(17.7)

50.2

(18.1)

0.096

48.9

(15.9)

50.5

(15.8)

0.095

 n (%)

          

  16–17

3019

(1.2)

4326

(1.3)

 

0

(0.0)

2

(0.1)

 

  18–24

22,039

(8.9)

28,667

(8.4)

 

99

(5.1)

104

(3.8)

 

  25–44

80,456

(32.4)

98,247

(28.8)

 

672

(34.7)

888

(32.6)

 

  45–64

93,917

(37.8)

130,725

(38.3)

 

836

(43.2)

1213

(44.5)

 

  65–74

30,424

(12.2)

48,160

(14.1)

 

225

(11.6)

368

(13.5)

 

   ≥ 75

18,581

(7.5)

31,005

(9.1)

 

103

(5.3)

148

(5.4)

 

Female,a n (%)

152,932

(61.6)

201,992

(59.2)

0.048

1033

(53.4)

1486

(54.6)

0.024

Race and ethnicity,b n (%)

          

 Hispanic or Latinx

68,085

(27.4)

73,476

(21.5)

0.146

281

(14.5)

294

(10.8)

0.113

 Asian

13,903

(5.6)

14,600

(4.3)

0.064

26

(1.3)

32

(1.2)

0.015

 Black or African American

51,797

(20.8)

78,027

(22.9)

0.048

324

(16.7)

445

(16.3)

0.009

 American Indian or Alaska Native

1346

(0.5)

2467

(0.7)

0.023

38

(2.0)

52

(1.9)

0.003

 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

1605

(0.6)

1830

(0.5)

0.015

9

(0.5)

13

(0.5)

0.002

 White

88,565

(35.6)

142,771

(41.9)

0.129

1130

(58.4)

1738

(63.8)

0.124

 Multiple race

996

(0.4)

826

(0.2)

0.029

12

(0.6)

7

(0.3)

0.056

 Other race

7269

(2.9)

8599

(2.5)

0.027

38

(2.0)

23

(0.8)

0.097

Insurance status,c n (%)

          

 Medicare

47,212

(19.0)

80,829

(23.7)

0.116

583

(30.1)

897

(32.9)

0.061

 Medicaid/subsidized

99,164

(39.9)

112,464

(33.0)

0.145

781

(40.4)

1085

(39.8)

0.011

 Otherwise insured

121,731

(49.0)

176,618

(51.8)

0.057

844

(43.6)

1175

(43.2)

0.010

 Uninsured

10,905

(4.4)

14,826

(4.3)

0.002

64

(3.3)

129

(4.7)

0.073

Number of primary care visits, median (IQR)

3

(1, 5)

2

(1, 5)

0.036

5

(2, 9)

5

(2, 9)

0.041

Documented mental health condition, n (%)

          

 Any of the following

56,865

(22.9)

83,729

(24.5)

0.039

1288

(66.6)

1781

(65.4)

0.024

  Depression

34,789

(14.0)

50,575

(14.8)

0.023

929

(48.0)

1257

(46.2)

0.037

  Anxiety

37,315

(15.0)

54,192

(15.9)

0.024

912

(47.1)

1291

(47.4)

0.006

   Post-traumatic stress disorder

2960

(1.2)

4580

(1.3)

0.014

151

(7.8)

253

(9.3)

0.053

  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2818

(1.1)

4344

(1.3)

0.013

94

(4.9)

123

(4.5)

0.016

  Eating disorder

511

(0.2)

836

(0.2)

0.008

10

(0.5)

19

(0.7)

0.023

  Bipolar spectrum disorder

4215

(1.7)

6217

(1.8)

0.010

235

(12.1)

327

(12.0)

0.004

  Schizophrenia/psychoses

2191

(0.9)

3722

(1.1)

0.021

76

(3.9)

163

(6.0)

0.095

Documented non-opioid SUD, n (%)

          

  Tobacco use disorder

21,423

(8.6)

32,435

(9.5)

0.031

797

(41.2)

1041

(38.2)

0.060

  Alcohol use disorder

5411

(2.2)

9581

(2.8)

0.040

293

(15.1)

458

(16.8)

0.046

  Other non-opioid SUD

4076

(1.6)

7187

(2.1)

0.034

556

(28.7)

743

(27.3)

0.032

   Cannabis use disorder

2134

(0.9)

3344

(1.0)

0.013

175

(9.0)

214

(7.9)

0.043

   Stimulant use disorderd

1184

(0.5)

2364

(0.7)

0.028

233

(12.0)

318

(11.7)

0.011

   Other SUDe

1567

(0.6)

3170

(0.9)

0.034

366

(18.9)

538

(19.8)

0.021

Opioid overdose,f n (%)

122

(< 0.1)

163

(< 0.1)

0.001

49

(2.5)

61

(2.2)

0.019

Non-opioid overdose,g n (%)

133

(0.1)

210

(0.1)

0.003

22

(1.1)

33

(1.2)

0.007

Other documented chronic conditions, n (%)

          

  HCV

2363

(1.0)

4270

(1.3)

0.029

229

(11.8)

318

(11.7)

0.005

  HIV

823

(0.3)

977

(0.3)

0.008

23

(1.2)

26

(1.0)

0.023

  Non-cancer pain

160,394

(64.6)

221,195

(64.8)

0.006

1576

(81.4)

2206

(81.0)

0.011

Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, n (%)

          

  0

145,419

(58.5)

192,554

(56.4)

0.042

698

(36.1)

879

(32.3)

0.080

  1

38,302

(15.4)

52,017

(15.2)

0.005

222

(11.5)

317

(11.6)

0.005

   ≥ 2

64,715

(26.0)

96,559

(28.3)

0.051

1015

(52.5)

1527

(56.1)

0.073

Housing instability diagnosis code, n (%)

1574

(0.6)

3380

(1.0)

0.040

77

(4.0)

161

(5.9)

0.089

 Homelessness diagnosis code, n (%)

701

(0.3)

2437

(0.7)

0.061

57

(2.9)

136

(5.0)

0.105

Neighborhood-level household SES

          

 Median household income,h median (IQR)

54K

(39K, 76K)

60K

(47K, 76K)

0.220

58K

(43K, 77K)

62K

(51K, 76K)

0.157

 Percent below FPL, median (IQR)

16.7

(8.7, 27.9)

13.3

(8.9, 20.6)

0.277

14.5

(7.8, 23.1)

12.7

(8.9, 19.2)

0.238

 Rent as percent of income, median (IQR)

31.9

(28.9, 35.0)

30.6

(28.0, 33.1)

0.276

31.1

(29.1, 34.1)

30.6

(28.3, 32.7)

0.282

 Percent unemployed, median (IQR)

6.2

(4.9, 8.6)

6.6

(5.1, 8.6)

0.011

6.2

(4.6, 8.4)

6.5

(5.1, 8.0)

0.081

  1. OUD Opioid use disorder, SMD Standardized mean difference, SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, SUD Substance use disorder, HCV Hepatitis C virus, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, SES Socioeconomic status, FPL Federal poverty level
  2. aPatients who were not identified as female were identified as male, except for 3 patients (< 0.1%) missing this information at PROUD trial clinics, and 5 patients (< 0.1%) missing this information at non-trial clinics. None of the patients with a documented OUD diagnosis were missing this information
  3. bAt PROUD trial clinics, 14,870 patients (6.0%) were missing both race and ethnicity data, and at non-trial clinics, 18,534 patients (5.4%) were missing this information. Among patients with OUD, 77 (4.0%) were missing both race and ethnicity data at trial clinics, and 119 (4.4%) were missing this information at non-trial clinics
  4. cAt PROUD trial clinics, 2715 patients (1.1%) were missing insurance information, and at non-trial clinics 4026 patients (1.2%) were missing this information. Among patients with OUD, 14 (0.7%) were missing insurance information at trial clinics, and 19 (0.7%) were missing this information at non-trial clinics
  5. dCocaine, amphetamine, and other stimulant use disorders
  6. eSedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, hallucinogen, inhalant, and any other psychoactive substance use disorders
  7. fFatal and non-fatal opioid overdose, follow-up after overdose, or sequelae
  8. gFatal and non-fatal alcohol, cocaine or other stimulant, cannabis, and other non-opioid overdose, follow-up after overdose, or sequelae
  9. hPresented in US dollars, where K = $1000
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BMC Health Services Research

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