Table 1 Summary of selected characteristics of studies included with interventions focused on audit and feedback

Setting

 High income countries

12 (57.1%)

[22, 24, 33, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44, 67, 73]

 Middle-income countries

8 (38.1%)

[34, 45, 46, 63,64,65,66, 68]

 Low-income countries

1(4.8%)

[35]

Data collection period

 < 2000

7 (33.3%)

[22, 33, 38, 39, 43, 44, 73]

 2000–2010

5 (23.8)

[40,41,42, 45, 46]

 > 2010^a

9 (42.9%)

[24, 34, 35, 63,64,65,66,67,68]

Study design

 Randomized controlled trial

5 (23.8%)

[24, 33, 35, 67, 68]

 Before and after

7 (33.3%)

[40, 42, 45, 46, 63, 64, 66]

 Interrupted time series

8 (38.1%)

[22, 34, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 65]

 Retrospective cohort

1 (4.8%)

[73]

Type of women

 All pregnant women

14 (66.7%)

[22, 24, 33,34,35, 38,39,40, 42,43,44,45,46, 73]

 Women with low-risk pregnancy

6 (28.6%)

[41, 63,64,65,66, 68]

 Women with previous CS

1 (4.8%)

[67]

Baseline CS rate

 < 20%

3 (14.3%)^b

[22, 33, 42]

 20–39%

7 (33.3%)^b

[24, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 73]

 30–39%

3 (14.3%)

[38, 41, 43]

 ≥ 40%

9 (42.9%)

[34, 45, 46, 63,64,65,66,67,68]

Outcomes

 Successful interventions

14 (66.7%)

[22, 24, 33,34,35, 38,39,40, 63,64,65,66,67, 73]

 Unsuccessful interventions

7 (33.3%)

[41,42,43,44,45,46, 68]