Table 3 The estimated regression models for hospital cost

APCD adoption

0.0877***

(0.00499)

HHI

0.200***

0.00916

0.178**

(0.0727)

(0.203)

(0.0745)

APCD*HHI

0.0485

(0.0650)

HHI*2012

-0.141

-0.000946

(0.112)

(0.0417)

HHI*2013

-0.129

-0.0496

(0.108)

(0.0424)

HHI*2014

-0.171

-0.0977**

(0.108)

(0.0429)

HHI*2015

-0.185*

-0.0996**

(0.109)

(0.0430)

HHI*2016

-0.160

-0.153***

(0.109)

(0.0427)

HHI*2017

-0.176

-0.115**

(0.111)

(0.0447)

Size

0.000423***

0.000810***

0.000748***

(4.48e-05)

(7.30e-05)

(4.80e-05)

Urban

0.00196

-0.0220

0.00552

(0.0201)

(0.0491)

(0.0242)

Nonprofit

0.0283**

0.0117

0.0619***

(0.0114)

(0.0243)

(0.0109)

Teaching

-0.0503***

0.0196

-0.00880

(0.0173)

(0.0265)

(0.0183)

Lobby

0.205***

0.0857**

-0.0387**

(0.0156)

(0.0432)

(0.0161)

Adjusted admission

16.75***

7.137***

12.79***

(0.381)

(0.592)

(0.428)

2012

0.0762***

0.0611***

(0.00708)

(0.00351)

2013

0.109***

0.0943***

(0.00684)

(0.00369)

2014

0.148***

0.127***

(0.00658)

(0.00380)

2015

0.193***

0.160***

(0.00660)

(0.00382)

2016

0.239***

0.210***

(0.00661)

(0.00385)

2017

0.275***

0.246***

(0.00696)

(0.00407)

Constant

17.84***

18.00***

17.70***

(0.0127)

(0.0276)

(0.0131)

Observations

24,191

6,297

17,894

R-squared

0.146

0.399

0.369

Number of hospitals

3,835

1,314

3,337