Fig. 1

Unadjusted unit costs (USD) for the outpatient, inpatient, operating theatre and intensive care unit cost centres by type of provider. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to test for the significant differences between groups and the effect size—p values are based on the Kruskal–Wallis test for difference between groups. The size of the effect is derived from the Eta squared statistic where eta2 [H] = (H—k + 1)/(n—k); H is the value obtained in the Kruskal–Wallis test; k is the number of groups; n is the total number of observations (0.01- < 0.06 (small effect), 0.06—< 0.14 (moderate effect) and >  = 0.14 (large effect))