Table 4 Mixed effect analysis of factors associated with CoC in sub-Saharan Africa
From: Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health in 17 sub-Saharan African countries
Variables | Model O | Model I aOR [95% CI] | Model II aOR [95% CI] | Model III aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect results | ||||
Mothers’ level of education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 1.35* [1.00, 1.82] | 1.20 [0.87, 1.65] | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.39 [0.98, 1.97] | 1.20 [0.83, 1.74] | ||
Partner’s level of education | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 1.26 [0.92, 1.73] | 1.18 [0.86, 1.64] | ||
Secondary or higher | 1.78*** [1.28, 2.48] | 1.52* [1.07, 2.16] | ||
Health insurance coverage | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.55** [1.15, 2.10] | 1.64** [1.18, 2.30] | ||
Person who usually decides on respondents health care | ||||
Partner alone/someone/others | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Respondent/partner | 1.39* [1.07, 1.80] | 1.33* [1.02, 1.74] | ||
Respondent alone | 1.65** [1.21, 2.25] | 1.38* [1.01, 1.89] | ||
Exposed to watching television | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.79 [0.60, 1.05] | 0.84 [0.61, 1.14] | ||
Exposed to listening to radio | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.36* [1.05, 1.77] | 1.38*[1.06, 1.79] | ||
Exposed to reading newspaper or magazine | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.34 [0.99, 1.83] | 1.31 [0.95, 1.79] | ||
Timely antenatal care visits | ||||
Late antenatal care visit | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Early antenatal care visit | 1.82*** [1.46, 2.28] | 1.88*** [1.50, 2.36] | ||
Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility | ||||
Not a big problem | 1.00 | 1 | ||
Big problem | 0.70** [0.55, 0.91] | 0.73* [0.57, 0.95] | ||
Birth order | ||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
2–3 | 0.88 [0.66, 1.18] | 0.87 [0.65, 1.18] | ||
4 or more | 0.79 [0.59, 1.06] | 0.80 [0.59, 1.08] | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 0.93 [0.63, 1.37] | 0.85 [0.58, 1.24] | ||
Middle | 1.29 [0.90, 1.84] | 1.09 [0.76, 1.55] | ||
Richer | 1.31 [0.88, 1.95] | 0.97 [0.65, 1.45] | ||
Richest | 2.51*** [1.73, 3.66] | 1.44 [0.94, 2.21] | ||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 0.96 [0.73, 1.28] | 1.06 [0.78, 1.44] | ||
Geographical subregions | ||||
Central | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Western | 2.64* [1.24, 5.64] | 3.15** [1.45, 6.85] | ||
Eastern | 3.39** [1.57, 7.30] | 3.11** [1.41, 6.85] | ||
Southern | 7.50*** [3.44, 16.34] | 7.02*** [3.23, 15.27] | ||
Random effect results | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.526 [0.334–0.829] | 0.509 [0.322–0.806] | 0.488 [0.310 − 0.768] | 0.507 [0.322–0.799] |
ICC | 0.138 | 0.134 | 0.129 | 0.133 |
Wald chi-square | Reference | 141.41 (< 0.001) | 111.66 (< 0.001) | 209.84 (< 0.001) |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | -2218.3041 | -2115.7183 | -2136.8255 | -2071.6726 |
AIC | 4440.608 | 4263.437 | 4293.651 | 4191.345 |
BIC | 4455.887 | 4385.668 | 4370.045 | 4374.692 |
N | 15,359 | 15,359 | 15,359 | 15,359 |
Number of clusters | 1188 | 1188 | 1188 | 1188 |