Table 1 Characteristics of patients with tuberculosis co-infected with HIV from January 2017 to December 2020 in Bhavnagar (n = 234)

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Age in years

37 (29–48)

 Male

182 (78)

 Educational status

  No formal education

156 (68)

  Primary (7th pass)

59 (25)

  Secondary (10th pass) and above

19 (8)

 Married

184 (79)

 Scheduled caste (SC)/scheduled tribe (ST)

20 (9)

 Extended family (vs nuclear family)

186 (80)

 Urban residence

125 (53)

 Current tobacco smoking

65 (28)

 Current regular alcohol consumption

3 (1)

Economic characteristics

 Cash assistance received for TB (n = 139)

97 (70)

 Amount of cash assistance received in INR (n = 139)

3000 (0–3000) [~US$ 44 (0–44)]

 Monthly family income in INR

9000 (7500–11,000) [~US$ 132 (110–162)]

 Below poverty line (BPL) card

117 (50)

 Standard of living (SLI) index

  Low (SLI score 1–7)

44 (19)

  Middle/high (SLI score 8–23)

190 (81)

 Employed in paid work before TB diagnosis

144 (62)

 Currently in paid work

122 (52)

 Sole earner in the family

41 (18)

Clinical characteristics - TB

 Sputum acid-fast bacillus smear grade

  Negative

170 (73)

  Scanty

22 (9)

  1+

27 (12)

  2+

10 (4)

  3+

5 (2)

 Extrapulmonary TB

66 (28)

 Drug-resistant TB

9 (4)

 Phases of treatment

  Intensive phase of TB treatment

25 (11)

  Continuation phase of TB treatment

51 (22)

  Treatment completed

158 (67)

 First TB visit with a private provider

91 (39)

 Hospitalized due to TB at the first visit

30 (13)

 Treatment outcomes

  Successful treatment outcomes

   Treatment completed

43 (18)

   Cured

143 (61)

        Unfavorable treatment outcomes

     Death while on treatment

33 (14)

     Lost to follow up

8 (3)

     Treatment failure

7 (3)

Clinical characteristics - HIV

 On ART

224 (96)

 CD4 count in mm³

350 (218–420)

 First HIV visit with a private provider

55 (24)

 Hospitalized due to HIV at the first visit

16 (7)