Table 1 Descriptive summary of the study sample of under-five children, Nepal MICS 2019 (N = 6277)
Variables | Mean (Std. err) or frequency (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Non-poor | Poor | Â |
Height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) | -1.146 (0.04) | -1.593 (0.04) |  < 0.001 |
Child’s age (months) | 30.38 (0.35) | 30.35 (0.32) | 0.784 |
Child’s sex | |||
 Female | 1755 (46.6) | 1216 (48.4) | 0.279 |
 Male | 2011 (53.4) | 1295 (51.6) |  |
Mother’s age at birth | |||
 < 20 years | 611 (16.2) | 522 (20.8) |  < 0.001 |
 20–34 years | 2972 (78.9) | 1820 (72.5) |  |
 > 34 years | 183 (4.9) | 169 (6.7) |  |
Maternal education | |||
 No formal education | 695 (18.5) | 866 (34.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Primary education (grade1-5) | 474 (12.6) | 488 (19.4) |  |
 Secondary education (grade 6–10) | 1496 (39.7) | 927 (36.9) |  |
 Higher secondary and above (grade 11 and above) | 1101 (29.2) | 230 (9.2) |  |
Number of under-five children in household | |||
 One | 2464 (65.4) | 1360 (54.1) |  < 0.001 |
 Two | 999 (26.6) | 933 (37.2) |  |
 Three | 208 (5.5) | 206 (8.2) |  |
 Four or more | 95 (2.5) | 12 (0.5) |  |
Type of toilet facility | |||
 Improved | 3593 (95.4) | 2215 (88.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Unimproved | 173 (4.6) | 296 (11.8) |  |
Ethnic group | |||
 Brahmin, Chhetri and Madhesi | 1730 (45.9) | 955 (38.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Janajati and Newar | 1207 (32.1) | 892 (35.5) |  |
 Dalit and Muslim | 423 (11.2) | 552 (22.0) |  |
 Others (eg. Marwadi, Bangali) | 406 (10.8) | 112 (4.5) |  |
Residence | |||
 Rural | 896 (23.8) | 1314 (52.3) |  < 0.001 |
 Urban | 2870 (76.2) | 1197 (47.7) |  |
Province | |||
 Province 1 | 553 (14.7) | 436 (17.3) |  < 0.001 |
 Madhesh | 1067 (28.3) | 381 (15.2) |  |
 Bagmati | 947 (25.2) | 240 (9.6) |  |
 Gandaki | 317 (8.4) | 141 (5.6) |  |
 Lumbini | 638 (16.9) | 529 (21.1) |  |
 Karnali | 36 (1.0) | 376 (15.0) |  |
 Sudurpaschim | 208 (5.5) | 408 (16.2) |  |
Total | 3766 | 2511 | Â |