Table 2 Strategies for changing behavior at the time of receiving health services
From: A systematic review of strategies used for controlling consumer moral hazard in health systems
Theme /source | Category | Code | Outcome variables | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demand side cost sharing [5, 6, 9, 10, 13, 15, 18,19,20, 22,23,24,25, 27,28,29,30,31,32,33, 27,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49, 51,52,53,54,55,56,57, 51,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 70,71,72,73, 78] | Uniform cost sharing | - Fixed rate of deductible: traditional deductible, mandatory deductible, First euro deductible/ a first-dollar deductible, doughnut hole deductible - Fixed rate of co-payments or coinsurance/co-insurance: /copayment/ user charges / user-fee, lump sum co-payments, fixed payment, Mandatory co-payments - Fixed-rate insurance coverage limit /caps on insurance /stop loss. / payment ceiling limit on coverage, limit on out-of-pocket expenses | - Health services utilization - Health costs - Health related behavior - Choice of insurance plan - The opinion and acceptance of consumers | ||||
Differential cost sharing | - Income base cost sharing: income base deductible: income-related copayment /coinsurance/ different copayment according to the socioeconomic status - Varied deducible: Shift deductible, variable deductible, different size of deductible. optional deductible, voluntary deductible (VD), high-deductible health plans (HDHPs), higher insurance deductibles - Tier cost sharing: :multitier copayments / tiered copayment/ price-related co-payment tier, tier coinsurance - Value-based cost sharing: Value Based Insurance Design (VBID) / value-based cost sharing (lower coinsurance for services with higher costs benefits / value-based coinsurance target / variable co-insurance based on demand elasticity/ treatment-specific copayments disease-specific cost sharing/ differential cost sharing based on disease status - Cost sharing with discount: co-payment exemption, co-payment with rebate, / waiving copays | ||||||
Health savings accounts (HSAs) | Voluntary Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) | - Health savings accounts (HSAs) / Health Reimbursement Accounts (HRAs) / medical savings accounts (MSAs) in combination with private insurance - Consumer-Directed Health Plans (CDHPS) /Consumer-Driven Health Plans (CDHPS) / Three-Tier Payment System(HDHPS Coupled With Personal Savings Account) | - Health services utilization - Health costs - Saving for future | ||||
Compulsory Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) | - Medisave (Medical savings accounts) (MSAs) in combination with social health insurance - Tongdao (MSA )in combination social risk-pooling (SRP)/ medical savings accounts (MSAs) in combination with social insurance pool (SIP)/ the three-tiered design (MSA-deductible-SIP) - Bankuai (MSA) separately to finance outpatient services | ||||||
Drug price regulation [21] | Uniform pricing discriminatory pricing | - Uniform pricing/uniform monopoly pricing - Third degree price discrimination / (different prices to different markets or groups) of consumers | - Drug utilization | ||||
Two PartPricing | - Two-part tariffs.) combines a uniform price with market-specific lump-sum payments | ||||||
Rationing by waiting | - Waiting lists / queuing /expectancy queue/the cost of the lost time - Waiting time | - Optimality - Well-being | |||||