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Table 1 Exemplary quotations and the 1st order concepts, 2nd order themes and aggregate dimension identified from data analysis

From: General practitioners’ perceptions of distributed leadership in providing integrated care for elderly chronic multi-morbid patients: a qualitative study

Aggregate dimension: Process of creating an integrated patient experience

2nd order themes

1st order concepts with exemplary quotations and actions

 

GPs interpret situation based on discharge notes

- It’s not always as easy as this. Sometimes I need to call and ask them to send (…) an unfinished discharge note so that I can understand what’s been done.

GPs cooperate  with hospitals

GPs exclude other organizations (hospital) to solve problem in local community

- There is not much more they can do, there are no more investigations to carry out. So, it is (medical condition) management supervised by me.

GPs cooperate  with hospitals

GPs seldom advise hospitals except for complex and frequently hospitalized patients

- Then, I write that if they cannot do anything with it now, I think it will be ok and that he can leave and go home and be called on later for follow-up.

GPs cooperate  with hospitals

GPs decouple in highly specialized and periphery topics

- Dialogue is often from them to me. (…) I don’t have much to contribute when hospitalized. Then, responsibility of treatment is transferred to the hospital.

GPs cooperate  with hospitals

GPs lack information and is not able to get complete picture in office-visits

- I only see him in the office setting. (…) So, it is obvious that he may have needs that I don’t see, and that doesn’t come up during our conversations.

GPs work for holistic focus

GPs biased towards taking control of medical matters

- I messaged home care nurses, informing them that now we will do it this way, and that they can provide the medicine (…) until it comes from the pharmacy.

GPs work for holistic focus

GPs establish plan for future direction

- They don’t know what to do. So, that is why they contacted me now. We have established a plan now, and then we will have to see if it goes well (…).

GPs create continuity

GPs and patients in follow-up translate discharge notes to context

- We summarize and read what’s been done at the hospital, and they can ask questions if there are any from the patient’s perspective.

GPs create continuity

GPs act as information hubs

- Home care nurses are my extended arm to the patient, and (…) alert me if anything is needed. Thus, it is my responsibility to be a patient coordinator.

GPs create continuity

GPs cooperate better when they have a professional relationship with home care nurses

- For this patient I know the people who provide him services, therefore it is easier to communicate and agree on things.

GPs create continuity

GPs experience common understanding in closer working relations

- (…) I don’t need to use the telephone much in communication with home care nurses as they understand the patient’s complexity and needs.

GPs create continuity

Aggregate dimension: Process of workflow

2nd order themes

1st order concepts with exemplary quotations and actions

 

GPs control and follow-up cooperation (due to limited trust)

- Then, I guess I secure my work more (…) and, if highly important, ask them for a response and make a reminder for myself.

GPs build internal coherence

GPs trust other health care professionals (home care nurses)

- Because they see her/him often, they have a greater ability to assess how s/he is doing than me who doesn’t see her/him that often.

GPs build internal coherence

GPs pleased with ways of working (suits resource use, business model and logistics?)

- Yes, because I know what’s going on up there, and if s/he needs help with anything, I may be able to contribute, If I get to know we can find solutions.

Reactive and uniform ways of work

GPs work in stepwise manner

- No, there is no need (for meetings). We talk sometimes (telephone) at the beginning, when things need to be clarified, otherwise everything has been digital.

Reactive and uniform ways of work

GPs experience deteriorating cooperation when breaching established ways of working

- It may be that home care nurses are involved with other GPs who take less responsibility than I do, but I think it’s wrong that I should have an even bigger workload because I try to do a good job.

Reactive and uniform ways of work

Aggregate dimension: Process of maneuvering organizational structures and culture

2nd order themes

1st order concepts with exemplary quotations and actions

 

GPs ask for home care services, which cannot be ordered

- When (…) discharged from the hospital I experienced her/him as being still very worn out, so I sent a digital message asking them to adjust the care services.

GPs maneuver organizations

GPs delegate some tasks to home care nurses

- S/he had a permanent urinary catheter and I advised it to be changed. So, they have changed it every other month or so.

GPs maneuver organizations

GPs use other organizations (hospitals) to help initiate services in the local community

- I hope s/he can have a higher level of care. I hope the hospital have taken care of that now. Because it’s much harder for me to get it done.

GPs maneuver organizations

GPs causes home care nurses to withdraw from cooperation when proactive or controlling

- I have the impression that if I’m not that proactive, the home care nurses will be more attentive, but it would be nice to have some communication back and have a dialogue (when I’m proactive).

GPs maneuver organizations

GPs support and see patient autonomy as central

- Thus, we don’t do much other than take care of him/her, sort of. But we try to make him/her accountable for his/her own health.

GPs maneuver medical culture

GPs support patient self-management

- No, patients are their own coordinators as long as they are “reasonably well functioning”.

GPs maneuver medical culture

GPs see themselves as main point of contact and responsibility

- I think it is nice that everything is in one place and that responsibility is held by as few as possible.

GPs maneuver medical culture