Effectiveness of a targeted telephone-based case management service on activity in an Emergency Department in the UK: a pragmatic difference-in-differences evaluation

Elston, Julian; Gradinger, Felix P.; Streeter, Adam J.; Macey, Stephen; Martin, Susan

doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08415-2

Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes in Intervention recipients, Intention-to-Treat, As-Treated and non-complaint control cohorts

From: Effectiveness of a targeted telephone-based case management service on activity in an Emergency Department in the UK: a pragmatic difference-in-differences evaluation

Outcomes	Period	Intervention recipients	Intention-to-Treat	Controls	Non-compliant	Total
	Period	Intervention recipients	Intention-to-Treat	As-Treated	Non-compliant	All
	N	(n = 128)	(n = 680)	(n = 639)	(n = 41)	N = 808
		mean (sd) median [min, max]	mean (sd) median [min, max]	mean (sd) median [min, max]	mean (sd) median [min, max]	mean (sd) median [min, max]
ED and MIU attendances	Before	4.37 (5.28) 3 [ 0,43]	3.16 (3.62) 2 [ 0,57]	3.20 (3.72) 2 [ 0,57]	2.63 (1.51) 2 [ 0, 6]	3.35 (3.95) 2 [ 0,57]
(counts)	After	2.70 (3.69) 2 [ 0,24]	2.06 (2.95) 1 [ 0,28]	2.04 (2.96) 1 [ 0,28]	2.41 (2.97) 1 [ 0,14]	2.16 (3.09) 1 [ 0,28]
Difference in means		-1.67 (38.2%)	-1.10 (34.8%)	-1.16 (36.3%)	-0.22 (8.4%)	-1.19 (35.5%)
ED attendances (counts)	Before	4.21 (5.23) 3 [ 0,43]	2.92 (3.55) 2 [ 0,57]	2.96 (3.65) 2 [ 0,57]	2.27 (1.18) 2 [ 0, 5]	3.13 (3.89) 2 [ 0,57]
ED attendances (counts)	After	2.46 (3.59) 1 [ 0,24]	1.91 (2.88) 1 [ 0,28]	1.90 (2.89) 1 [ 0,28]	2.12 (2.85) 1 [ 0,14]	2.00 (3.01) 1 [ 0,28]
Difference in means		-1.75 (41.6%)	-1.01 (34.6%)	-1.06 (35.8%)	-0.15 (6.6%)	-1.13 (36.1%)
MIU attendances (counts)	Before	0.16 (0.44) 0 [ 0, 2]	0.24 (0.75) 0 [ 0, 7]	0.23 (0.74) 0 [ 0, 7]	0.37 (0.94) 0 [ 0, 4]	0.23 (0.71) 0 [ 0, 7]
MIU attendances (counts)	After	0.23 (0.86) 0 [ 0, 8]	0.15 (0.51) 0 [ 0, 6]	0.14 (0.49) 0 [ 0, 6]	0.29 (0.75) 0 [ 0, 3]	0.16 (0.58) 0 [ 0, 8]
Difference in means		0.07 (-43.8%)	-0.09 (37.5%)	-0.09 (39.1%)	-0.08 (21.6%)	-0.07 (30.4%)
ED admissions (counts)	Before	2.68 (2.41) 2 [ 0,14]	2.10 (1.80) 2 [ 0,22]	2.12 (1.84) 2 [ 0,22]	1.83 (1.02) 2 [ 0, 5]	2.19 (1.92) 2 [ 0,22]
ED admissions (counts)	After	1.73 (3.07) 1 [ 0,24]	1.48 (2.25) 1 [ 0,18]	1.48 (2.23) 1 [ 0,18]	1.46 (2.51) 0 [ 0,12]	1.52 (2.40) 1 [ 0,24]
Difference in means		-0.95 (35.4%)	-0.62 (29.5%)	-0.64 (30.2%)	-0.37 (20.2%)	-0.67 (30.6%)
ED admissions (emergency) LOS (days)	Before	3.49 (2.96) 3 [ 0,17]	2.60 (2.74) 2 [ 0,41]	2.63 (2.81) 2 [ 0,41]	2.10 (1.18) 2 [ 0, 6]	2.74 (2.80) 2 [ 0,41]
ED admissions (emergency) LOS (days)	After	1.93 (3.16) 1 [ 0,24]	1.60 (2.36) 1 [ 0,18]	1.61 (2.34) 1 [ 0,18]	1.59 (2.67) 0 [ 0,12]	1.66 (2.50) 1 [ 0,24]
Difference in means		-1.56 (44.7%)	-1.00 (38.5%)	-1.02 (38.8%)	-0.51 (24.3%)	-1.08 (39.4%)
ED admissions (elective^α) LOS (days)	Before	0.73 (1.30) 0 [ 0, 8]	0.73 (2.43) 0 [ 0,40]	0.73 (2.49) 0 [ 0,40]	0.68 (1.21) 0 [ 0, 5]	0.73 (2.29) 0 [ 0,40]
ED admissions (elective^α) LOS (days)	After	0.57 (1.05) 0 [ 0, 7]	0.68 (2.87) 0 [ 0,59]	0.70 (2.95) 0 [ 0,59]	0.39 (0.70) 0 [ 0, 3]	0.66 (2.66) 0 [ 0,59]
Difference in means		-0.16 (21.9%)	-0.05 (6.8%)	-0.03 (4.1%)	-0.29 (42.6%)	-0.07 (9.6%)

Key: ED Emergency Department, MIU Minor Injuries Unit, LOS Length of stay, sd Standard deviation; ^α = day case attendance at ED for tests, procedures, investigations typically admitted via the Acute Medical Unit (AMU) or Clinical Decision Unit (CDU) in ED

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ISSN: 1472-6963

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