Table 4 Adjusted Associations between PCP and specialty visits and ACSC hospitalization among urban and rural dual eligibles age 65 and over with diabetes or CHF

N (person-years)

3,819,765

782,184

2,131,443

530,800

PCP visits

−0.061^*** (0.003)

− 0.034^*** (0.007)

−0.112^*** (0.004)

− 0.0462^*** (0.001)

Outpatient specialist visits

−0.061^*** (0.002)

− 0.137^*** (0.007)

−0.122^*** (0.003)

− 0.275^*** (0.009)

Age

0.035^*** (0.002)

0.008 (0.005)

−0.049^*** (0.004)

−0.073^*** (0.007)

Male

−0.360^*** (0.036)

0.297^*** (0.089)

−0.888^*** (0.063)

0.022 (0.138)

 Black

2.496^*** (0.057)

−0.436^*** (0.148)

3.487^*** (0.092)

−0.583^** (0.227)

 Asian/Pacific Islander

−0.335^*** (0.050)

−0.942^*** (0.350)

0.696^*** (0.111)

−0.185 (0.886)

 AI/AN

1.700^*** (0.248)

1.364^*** (0.291)

2.883^*** (0.473)

2.685^*** (0.512)

 Hispanic

1.155^*** (0.051)

−0.079 (0.192)

2.407^*** (0.098)

0.813^** (0.375)

 Other

−0.632^*** (0.128)

−0.307 (0.608)

− 0.464^* (0.237)

−1.115 (1.062)

 2–3 conditions

0.685^*** (0.022)

1.182^*** (0.069)

2.102^*** (0.125)

2.463^*** (0.359)

 4–6 conditions

3.311^*** (0.027)

4.894^*** (0.080)

6.982^*** (0.121)

8.516^*** (0.350)

 7–9 conditions

11.490^*** (0.042)

15.990^*** (0.112)

16.860^*** (0.125)

20.310^*** (0.356)

 10+ conditions

30.280^*** (0.073)

37.270^*** (0.173)

35.170^*** (0.136)

39.550^*** (0.376)

 With Disability

1.136^*** (0.044)

0.171 (0.091)

1.187^*** (0.076)

−0.081 (0.143)

 2014

−0.514^*** (0.045)

− 0.713^*** (0.112)

−0.688^*** (0.078)

− 0.801^*** (0.169)

 2015

−1.227^*** (0.048)

−1.664^*** (0.115)

−1.539^*** (0.082)

−2.283^*** -(0.175)

 2016

−1.294^*** (0.048)

−2.035^*** (0.117)

−1.415^*** (0.083)

− 2.255^*** (0.178)

 2017

−1.346^*** (0.048)

−2.288^*** (0.118)

− 1.200^*** (0.085)

− 2.490^*** (0.181)

 2018

− 1.648^*** (0.049)

− 2.738^*** (0.121)

− 1.661^*** (0.085)

−3.272^*** (0.184)

 Constant

− 2.499^*** (0.181)

0.702 (0.431)

4.181^*** (0.317)

9.079^*** (0.709)