Table 4 Commonly adopted quality indicators for acute heart failure

Beta-blocker therapy for HFrEF

During hospitalization / at discharge

Process

Patients prescribed beta-blocker therapy/patients with HFrEF

4 [12, 28, 31, 32]

ACE inhibitor, ARB or ARNI therapy for HFrEF

During hospitalization / at discharge

Process

Patients prescribed ACEi, ARB, or ARNI therapy/patients with HFrEF

5 [12, 28, 30,31,32]

Assessment of LV function

During hospitalization / at discharge

Process

Patients who underwent assessment of LV function/patients with HF

3 [30,31,32]

Patient education

During hospitalization / at discharge

Process

Percentage of patients with HF and family members who received education regarding HF management

3 [30,31,32]

Short or long-term mortality or readmission

–

Outcome

The proportion of mortality or HF readmission within 30 days or 1 year after discharge

3 [28, 30, 32]