Table 2 Patient characteristics and clinical status at baseline in the identification and replication sample*
BACE-N | BACE-D | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants (n = 452) | Missing, n (%) | All participants (n = 675) | Missing, n (%) | |
Female | 235 (52) | 0 (0) | 401 (59) | 0 (0) |
Age in years | 66 (59-72) | 0 (0) | 65 (60-71) | 0 (0) |
Education level high | 188 (44) | 20 (4) | 114 (17) | 7 (1) |
Ethnicity Norwegian (BACE-N) or Dutch (BACE-D) | 430 (95) | 0 (0) | 637 (96) | 10 (1) |
Employment status currently paid work | 211 (47) | 5 (1) | 177 (27) | 23 (3) |
First healthcare provider | ||||
General practitioner | 127 (28) | 0 (0) | 675 (100) | 0 (0) |
Physiotherapist | 130 (29) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Chiropractor | 195 (43) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Pain location | ||||
Thoracic | 56 (13) | 11 (2) | 154 (26) | 71 (11) |
Lumbar/Sacral | 406 (92) | 11 (2) | 561 (93) | 71 (11) |
Radiating pain below the knee | 141 (31) | 0 (0) | 205 (31) | 7 (1) |
Pain severity average last week (NRS, 0-10) | 5 (4-7) | 31 (7) | 5 (3-7) | 11 (2) |
Pain duration | ||||
< 6 weeks | 252 (67) | 76 (17) | 323 (54) | 80 (12) |
6 weeks to 3 months | 49 (13) | 76 (17) | 116 (20) | 80 (12) |
> 3 months | 75 (20) | 76 (17) | 156 (26) | 80 (12) |
Previous episodes of back pain | 400 (95) | 29 (6) | 579 (86) | 9 (1) |
Disability (RMDQ, 0-24) | 9 (4-13) | 45 (10) | 10 (5-14) | 55 (8) |
Comorbidity (SCQ, 0-15) | 1 (1-2) | 18 (4) | 2 (1-3) | 6 (1) |
Health-related QOL (SF36, 0-100) | ||||
Physical component | 42 (36-47) | 41 (9) | 43 (37-50) | 7 (1) |
Mental component | 55 (48-60) | 41 (9) | 52 (43-57) | 7 (1) |
Emotional well-being (CES-D, 0-60) | 8 (3-13) | 57 (13) | 9 (4-14) | 57 (8) |
Kinesiophobia (FABQ-PA, 0-24) | 9 (5-13) | 18 (4) | 14 (10-17) | 20 (3) |
Expectations of recovery within 3 months | ||||
Fully recovered | 111 (26) | 19 (4) | 113 (17) | 17 (2) |
Much better | 217 (50) | 19 (4) | 178 (27) | 17 (2) |
No change or worse | 105 (24) | 19 (4) | 367 (56) | 17 (2) |
Healthcare utilization prior to inclusion | ||||
Primary care consultation last 6 (BACE-N) or 12 (BACE-D) weeks | ||||
General practitioner | 78 (18) | 21 (5) | 609 (91) | 8 (1) |
Occupational physician | – | – | 13 (2) | 8 (1) |
Physiotherapist, Chiropractor or Manual therapist | 295 (68) | 21 (5) | 299 (45) | 8 (1) |
Psychologist | 2 (0.5) | 21 (5) | 5 (1) | 8 (1) |
Other therapists | 21 (5) | 21 (5) | – | – |
Use of back medication | 165 (40) | 38 (8) | 484 (73) | 8 (1) |
Diagnostic examination last 6 (BACE-N) or 3 (BACE-D) months | ||||
Blood sample | 12 (3) | 24 (5) | 92 (14) | 10 (2) |
X-ray | 23 (5) | 24 (5) | 155 (23) | 10 (2) |
MRI/CT scan | 49 (11) | 24 (5) | 30 (5) | 10 (2) |
Previous hospitalization | 48 (11) | 21 (5) | – | – |
Previous rehabilitation stay | 17 (4) | 25 (6) | – | – |
Medical specialist consultation | – | – | 46 (7) | 8 (1) |