Table 6 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of potential determinants of patient satisfaction in Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi

Age (years)

0.95 (0.92–0.99)

0.03

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

0.26

1.02 (0.98–1.05)

0.28

Level of education (ref = none)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Primary

0.59 (0.26–1.35)

0.22

0.90 (0.49–1.63)

0.73

1.09 (0.50–2.34)

0.82

 Secondary

0.39 (0.17–0.87)

0.02

0.75 (0.37–1.54)

0.45

0.86 (0.36–2.06)

0.74

 Higher

0.41 (0.17–0.99)

0.05

0.53 (0.24–1.19)

0.13

0.29 (0.06–1.40)

0.12

Patient’s first pregnancy (ref = no)

0.95 (0.60–1.48)

0.82

1.62 (1.00–2.62)

0.05

1.18 (0.67–2.07)

0.56

Trimester of pregnancy (ref = first)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Second (13–26 weeks)

1.12 (0.37–3.38)

0.83

0.79 (0.32–1.92)

0.61

0.31 (0.09–0.97)

0.05

 Third (≥ 27 weeks)

1.09 (0.36–3.32)

0.87

0.73 (0.29–1.79)

0.50

0.35 (0.11–1.07)

0.07

Previous stillbirth or infant mortality (<  1 week) (ref = no)

0.98 (0.55–1.74)

0.95

0.78 (0.48–1.27)

0.33

1.10 (0.63–1.91)

0.72

Facility nearest to home (ref = no)

1.38 (0.99–1.91)

0.05

0.79 (0.52–1.19)

0.26

0.97 (0.45–2.08)

0.95

Organisational factors

Managing authority (ref = public)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Private

2.05 (1.22–3.43)

< 0.01

0.94 (0.57–1.54)

0.82

1.85 (0.99–3.43)

0.05

 Supervisory visit within the past six months (ref = no)

1.14 (0.40–3.23)

0.79

1.10 (0.42–2.87)

0.83

1.26 (0.63–2.52)

0.50

 System for recording client opinion (ref = no)

1.22 (0.71–2.11)

0.46

1.24 (0.92–1.68)

0.15

1.07 (0.80–1.45)

0.61

 ANC equipment (score out of 6)

0.84 (0.60–1.18)

0.31

0.97 (0.73–1.28)

0.86

0.67 (0.54–0.82)

< 0.01

 Visual and auditory privacy (ref = no)

2.35 (0.94–5.88)

0.07

1.22 (0.60–2.49)

0.57

0.40 (0.04–3.91)

0.43

 Clean (Kenya: ref. = no) (other: score out of 8)

0.68 (0.36–1.27)

0.23

1.07 (0.93–1.24)

0.32

1.13 (0.94–1.37)

0.18

 Sex of provider (ref = no)

0.65 (0.30–1.38)

0.26

1.47 (0.85–2.55)

0.17

0.82 (0.41–1.63)

0.59

 Clinical technician

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.08 (0.01–0.36)

< 0.01

 Registered nurse with diploma

1.04 (0.36–3.00)

0.93

NA

NA

0.11 (0.01–1.05)

0.06

 Enrolled nurse

1.12 (0.42–2.93)

0.81

0.35 (0.13–0.93)

0.04

0.34 (0.03–2.93)

0.33

Waiting time before being seen by provider (min)

0.98 (0.98–0.99)

< 0.01

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

< 0.01

0.99 (0.99–0.99)

0.05

Provider asked about pregnancy-related problems (ref = no)

1.20 (0.82–1.77)

0.33

1.12 (0.78–1.61)

0.53

0.89 (0.54–1.46)

0.65

Gave IFA and TT vaccines (score out of 2)

0.86 (0.60–1.25)

0.44

1.06 (0.81–1.40)

0.63

0.93 (0.60–1.44)

0.77

Explain purpose of IFA and TT vaccines (score out of 2)

1.22 (0.88–1.70)

0.22

0.80 (0.59–1.09)

0.17

1.07 (0.80–1.44)

0.63

Procedures performed (score out of 10)

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

0.57

1.03 (0.93–1.15)

0.47

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

0.35

Infection control provided (ref = no)

1.16 (0.67–2.01)

0.59

1.07 (0.70–1.66)

0.73

1.14 (0.59–2.21)

0.69

Charged for services (ref = no)

1.11 (0.68–1.81)

0.65

0.66 (0.37–1.14)

0.14

0.63 (0.25–1.56)

0.32

Number of visits to this facility for this pregnancy

1.09 (0.89–1.33)

0.38

0.89 (0.74–1.07)

0.23

1.07 (0.85–1.33)

0.54