Table 5 Bivariate analysis of potential determinants of patient satisfaction in Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi

Age (years)

0.97 (0.94–1.00)

0.10

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

0.30

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.24

Level of education (ref = none)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Primary

0.37 (0.16–0.87)

0.02

1.10 (0.82–1.46)

0.51

0.89 (0.62–1.27)

0.54

 Secondary

0.31 (0.13–0.76)

0.01

0.90 (0.63–1.30)

0.60

0.69 (0.44–1.06)

0.09

 Tertiary

0.46 (0.19–1.06)

0.07

0.88 (0.44–1.76)

0.73

0.39 (0.16–0.93)

0.04

Patient’s first pregnancy (ref = no)

1.07 (0.74–1.55)

0.69

1.12 (0.90–1.40)

0.30

1.16 (0.91–1.48)

0.21

Trimester of pregnancy (ref = first)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Second (13–26 weeks)

1.51 (0.52–4.34)

0.43

0.76 (0.45–1.28)

0.31

0.79 (0.42–1.45)

0.45

 Third (≥ 27 weeks)

1.67 (0.60–4.65)

0.33

0.89 (0.53–1.49)

0.67

0.84 (0.45–1.56)

0.60

Previous stillbirth or infant mortality (<  1 week) (ref = no)

0.77 (0.48–1.24)

0.29

0.91 (0.70–1.19)

0.52

1.10 (0.80–1.49)

0.54

Facility nearest to home (ref = no)

1.17 (0.85–1.62)

0.31

1.10 (0.82–1.46)

0.51

1.21 (0.84–1.75)

0.30

Residence (ref = urban)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Rural

NA

NA

1.17 (0.86–1.61)

0.30

0.96 (0.59–1.54)

0.87

Organisational factors

Facility type (ref = hospital)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Health centre/clinic

0.99 (0.69–1.41)

0.98

1.01 (0.79–1.28)

0.92

0.81 (0.54–1.20)

0.30

 Managing authority (ref = public)

1.00

1.00

1.00

 Private

2.42 (1.62–3.61)

< 0.01

1.39 (1.06–1.82)

0.02

1.07 (0.75–1.53)

0.69

 Number of days for ANC per week (Kenya) or month (other)

0.91 (0.81–1.03)

0.15

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.81

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.69

 Supervisory visit within the past six months (ref = no)

0.6 (0.24–1.47)

0.27

1.13 (0.55–2.29)

0.73

1.20 (0.77–1.85)

0.41

 Monthly management meetings (ref = no)

0.73 (0.46–1.18)

0.21

1.03 (0.78–1.36)

0.81

1.19 (0.85–1.66)

0.29

 Quality of care system (ref = no)

0.97 (0.65–1.45)

0.91

1.03 (0.80–1.33)

0.77

1.21 (0.85–1.72)

0.28

 System for recording client opinion (ref = no)

0.97 (0.53–1.77)

0.94

0.90 (0.59–1.38)

0.66

1.93 (1.12–3.30)

0.02

 Basic amenities (score out of 5)

1.13 (0.87–1.48)

0.33

1.04 (0.92–1.17)

0.48

1.08 (0.91–1.28)

0.36

 ANC equipment (score out of 6)

1.18 (0.95–1.47)

0.13

0.94 (0.79–1.13)

0.57

0.90 (0.76–1.07)

0.24

 Available IFA and TT vaccines (score out of 3)

1.08 (0.85–1.38)

0.50

0.98 (0.84–1.14)

0.84

1.05 (0.88–1.26)

0.56

 Counselling supplies (score out of 3)

1.02 (0.78–1.35)

0.83

0.97 (0.85–1.11)

0.76

0.98 (0.84–1.15)

0.86

 Visual and auditory privacy (ref = no)

2.21 (1.01–4.43)

0.03

0.94 (0.52–1.69)

0.84

1.09 (0.54–2.22)

0.79

 Clean (Kenya: ref. = no) (other: score out of 8)

0.75 (0.40–1.40)

0.38

1.08 (0.99–1.17)

0.05

1.09 (0.94–1.27)

0.22

 HCWs available 24-hours per day (ref = no)

0.97 (0.31–3.01)

0.97

0.75 (0.56–1.02)

0.07

0.44 (0.12–1.53)

0.20

 Sex of provider (male vs. female)

0.62 (0.37–1.02)

0.06

1.20 (0.82–1.76)

0.33

0.95 (0.68–1.33)

0.79

 ANC provider training (ref = specialist)

1.00

 Clinical technician

NA

NA

NA

NA

0.14 (0.02–0.92)

0.04

 Registered nurse with diploma

0.78 (0.50–1.23)

0.30

NA

NA

0.97 (0.13–6.84)

0.98

 Enrolled nurse

0.68 (0.43–1.08)

0.11

0.54 (0.34–0.86)

0.01

0.70 (0.16–3.08)

0.65

Waiting time before being seen by provider (min)

0.98 (0.98–0.99)

< 0.01

0.99 (0.99–0.99)

< 0.01

0.99 (0.99–0.99)

< 0.01

Provider asked about pregnancy-related problems (ref = no)

1.14 (0.81–1.60)

0.42

1.25 (1.00–1.56)

0.04

1.11 (0.85–1.11)

0.42

Provider encouraged patient to ask questions (ref = no)

0.83 (0.56–1.22)

0.35

0.93 (0.71–1.23)

0.64

0.99 (0.71–1.38)

0.98

Provider discussed preparation for delivery (ref = no)

0.9 (0.71–1.14)

0.40

1.20 (0.91–1.59)

0.19

1.05 (0.69–1.58)

0.81

Gave IFA and TT vaccines (score out of 2)

1.07 (0.85–1.36)

0.53

1.02 (0.87–1.19)

0.79

0.93 (0.73–1.18)

0.59

Provider explained purpose of IFA and TT vaccines (score out of 2)

1.01 (0.80–1.27)

0.91

1.05 (0.91–1.22)

0.45

0.94 (0.75–1.18)

0.64

Procedures performed (score out of 10)

1.01 (0.90–1.13)

0.78

0.80 (0.96–1.08)

0.42

0.98 (0.90–1.06)

0.65

Infection control provided (ref = no)

0.67 (0.46–0.97)

0.04

1.08 (0.83–1.39)

0.55

1.06 (0.77–1.46)

0.68

Charged for services (ref = no)

1.20 (0.80–1.79)

0.36

0.80 (0.55–1.17)

0.27

0.79 (0.53–1.18)

0.26

Number of visits to this facility for this pregnancy

1.09 (0.96–1.23)

0.14

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

0.27

1.04 (0.95–1.15)

0.36