Table 2 Adjusted hazard ratios by Cox proportional hazard model for different risk factors of LEA

P4P (ref.: non-P4P)

0.35 (0.29-0.41)*

0.37 (0.30-0.44)*

COCI

0.08 (0.06-0.10)*

 Low COCI (reference)

 Middle COCI

0.49 (0.43-0.55)*

 High COCI

0.23 (0.21-0.27)*

P4P & COCI

 non-P4P, low COCI(reference)

 non-P4P, middle COCI

0.68 (0.61-0.76)*

 non-P4P, high COCI

0.26 (0.22-0.31)*

 P4P, low COCI

0.53 (0.44-0.67)*

 P4P, middle COCI

0.30 (0.23-0.38)*

 P4P, high COCI

0.06 (0.04-0.10)*

Gender (ref.: female)

 Male

1.16 (1.04-1.29)ǂ

1.09 (0.99-1.20)

1.15 (1.02-1.29)+

Age (ref.: 18< yr ≤ 55)

 56 ≤ yr ≤ 69

0.85 (0.73-1.00)+

0.81 (0.70-0.94)ǂ

0.89 (0.75-1.06)

 yr ≥ 70

0.71 (0.60-0.83)*

0.59 (0.51-0.69)*

0.73 (0.61-0.87)*

Diabetes duration (ref.: <5 yr)

 5 ≤ duration <10

2.06 (1.54-2.76)*

2.29 (1.76-2.98)*

2.09 (1.52-2.87)*

 duration≥ 10

3.91 (2.93-5.20)*

4.35 (3.36-5.63)*

3.90 (2.85-5.32)*

CCI score (ref: score=0)

 1-2

0.55 (0.47-0.64)*

0.56 (0.48-0.64)*

0.55 (0.47-0.66)*

 ≥ 3

0.28 (0.21-0.39)*

0.31 (0.24-0.41)*

0.30 (0.21-0.41)*

DSCI score (ref: score=0)

 1-2

1.07 (0.89-1.29)

1.05 (0.89-1.24)

1.11 (0.91-1.35)

 ≥ 3

1.77 (1.28-2.45)*

1.63 (1.21-2.19)ǂ

1.89 (1.34-2.65)*

CDD (ref: No)

 Yes

0.72 (0.56-0.93)+

0.82 (0.65-1.05)

0.77 (0.58-1.01)

Residence (ref.: Rural)

 Urban

0.82 (0.73-0.92)*

0.81 (0.73-0.91)*

0.83 (0.73-0.94)ǂ

Monthly salary/wage (ref.: FP and dependent)

 < NTD 20,000

0.96 (0.83-1.10)

0.96 (0.84-1.09)

1.00 (0.86-1.15)

 ≥ NTD 20,000

0.85 (0.75-0.97)+

0.86 (0.76-0.96)ǂ

0.91 (0.80-1.04)

Health care facility level (ref.: Medical center)

 Regional hospital

1.14 (1.00-1.31)

1.11 (0.98-1.26)

1.13 (0.98-1.31)

 District hospital

1.06 (0.92-1.23)

1.02 (0.89-1.17)

0.99 (0.83-1.16)

 Community clinic

0.87 (0.75-1.01)

0.86 (0.75-0.99) +

0.89 (0.75-1.05)

Akaike information criterion

30,787

36,804

30,699

Schwarz-Bayesian criterion

30,888

36,918

30,794