Table 2 Effectiveness values for each CPS used in modelling

Screening / treatment for depression (ages 12-18)

Cognitive behavioural therapy is associated with a clinically significant improvement in 12.1% of youth with MDD while fluoxetine is associated with a 25.7% (16.2 - 35.2%) improvement.

[57]

Interventions to support breastfeeding

Breastfeeding promotion interventions are associated with a 44% (13 - 84%) increase in long-term (≥6 months) exclusive breastfeeding.

[58]

Screening for obesity and referral to comprehensive, intensive behavioral intervention to promote improvement in weight status (children & youth)

Completion of a comprehensive intervention is associated with an 18.8% (6.1 – 40.2%) reduction in obesity.

[59, 60]

Preventing tobacco use (school-aged children & youth)

Interventions aimed at reducing smoking initiation / smoking cessation among non-smoking / smoking children and youth have an effectiveness of 18% (6 - 28%) and 34% (5 - 69%).

[61]

Application of fluoride varnish

The application of fluoride varnish reduces decayed, missing and filled teeth by 37% (24 - 51%).

[62]

Application of dental sealants

The application of dental sealants reduces decayed, missing and filled teeth by 84% at year 1, decreasing to 55% at year 9.

[63]

Screening / treatment for breast cancer

Screening mammography in women ages 50-74 leads to a reduction in breast cancer mortality of 21% (10 - 32%).

[64]

Screening / treatment for cervical cancer (cytology-based)

Cervical cancer screening in women ages 25-69 leads to a reduction in cervical cancer mortality of 35% (10 - 53%).

[65]

Addition of HPV-based cervical cancer screening

HPV-based screening is associated with a 55% (19 - 75%) reduction in the incidence of cervical cancers in females ages 30 – 64, when compared to cytology-based screening.

[66]

Screening / treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC)

Screening with gFOBT is associated with a reduction in mortality from CRC by 18% (8 - 27%) and the incidence of late stage CRC by 8% (1 - 15%). Screening with flexible sigmoidoscopy is associated a reduction in mortality from CRC by 26% (18 - 33%) and the incidence of late stage CRC by 27% (18 - 34%).

[67]

Screening / treatment for lung cancer

Screening for lung cancer is associated with a 19.6% (7.7 - 30.0%) reduction in mortality from lung cancer.

[68]

Screening / treatment for hypertension

Lowering blood pressure by 10/5 mmHg results in a 22% (17 -27%) reduction in cardiovascular events and a 41% (33 - 48%) reduction in cerebrovascular events.

[69]

Screening / treatment for cardiovascular disease

Statin therapy is associated with a 14% (7 - 20%) decreased risk of all-cause mortality, a 31% (12 - 46%) decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality, a 36% (29 - 43%) decreased risk of myocardial infarction and a 29% (18 - 38%) decreased risk of stroke.

[70]

Screening / treatment for type 2 diabetes

Screening / treatment for type 2 diabetes is associated with 5.2 (2.7 - 7.5) myocardial infarction events prevented, 8.0 (6.2 - 9.5) microvascular events prevented and 3.2 (1.0 - 5.8) premature deaths prevented per 1000 people screened.

[71]

Screening / treatment for depression (adults)

The use of ADM for major depression is associated with a 64% (12 - 85%) reduced risk of recurrent depression.

[72]

Screening / treatment for depression (pregnant and postpartum females)

Participation in programs involving depression screening leads to a 32% (18 - 59%) reduced risk of depression 3-5 months later.

[73]

Screening / treatment for osteoporosis

Long-term treatment compliance with bisphosphonates is associated with a 23% reduction in hip fractures and a 26% reduction in vertebral fractures.

[74, 75]

Screening / treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

Screening and treatment for AAA is associated with a 115% (89 - 144%) increase in elective surgeries, a 48% (34 - 60%) reduction in emergency surgeries and a 42% (12 - 61%) reduction in AAA-related mortality.

[76]

Screening / treatment for HIV

The early initiation of antiretroviral therapy is associated with a 64% (25 - 96%) reduction in the transmission rate per person-year.

[77, 78]

Screening / treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea

Screening reduces the lifetime risk of chronic pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancy by 41%.

[79]

Screening / treatment for HCV

The effectiveness of direct acting antiviral treatment in producing a sustained viral response (i.e., a cure) is 97% (95 - 99%).

[80,81,82,83,84,85]

Screening and BCI for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections

High intensity behavioural counselling interventions are associated with a 62% (40 - 76%) reduction in STI incidence in adolescents and a 30% (13 - 44%) reduction in STI incidence in adults.

[86]

Screening and BCI to prevent tobacco use (adults)

Quit rates improve from 10.9 to 28.0% (23.0 - 33.6%).

[87, 88]

Screening and BCI to prevent alcohol misuse (adults)

13.9% (8.7 - 16.1%) improvement in the proportion of adults achieving recommended drinking limits.

[89]

Screening for and management of obesity (adults)

20% (14 to 25%) of participants lost at least 5% of their body weight.

[90]

Screening / treatment to prevent falls in the elderly

Interventions involving exercise or physical therapy reduce falls in community-dwelling elderly by 13% (6 - 19%).

[91]

Routine aspirin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and colorectal cancer (CRC)

Initiating low dose aspirin use for the primary prevention of CVD and CRC in adults aged 50 to 59 years who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose aspirin daily for at least 10 years reduces the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction by 17% (6 – 26%), the risk of nonfatal stroke by 14% (2 – 24%), the incidence of colorectal cancer by 40% (24 – 53%) and the risk of death from CRC about 20 years later by 33% (14 – 48%).

[92, 93]

Folic acid supplementation for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs)

Daily supplementation during pregnancy results in a 69% (42 - 83%) reduction in NTDs.

[94]