Table 4 Summary of key barriers and enabling factors of breast cancer screening uptake
Key findings | Included studies | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barriers | Agyemang (2020) [13] | Amenuke-Edusei (2020) [25] | Boafo (2019) [26] | Bonsu (2019) [27] | Buunaaim (2020) [28] | Calys-Tagoe (2020) [29] | Dadzi (2019) [30] | Fiador (2018) [31] | Ghansah (2019) [32] | Gyedu (2017) [33] | Kudzawu (2016) [34] | Opoku (2012) [35] | Osei-Afriyie (2021) [36] | Sarfo (2013) [37] |
Did not know how to perform BSE | – | – | – | – | – | – |  | – | – | – | * | – | * | – |
Not at risk of BC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – |
No breast problem/signs of BC | – | * | – | – | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
No family history of BC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – |
No physician recommendation | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Lack of awareness of BCS | – | * | – |  | – | – |  | * | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Not necessary | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | – | * |
Religious faith | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |  | * | – | – | – |
Younger age | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Older age | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Fear of finding a mass | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Enabling factors | ||||||||||||||
 Good knowledge | – | – | * | – | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | * | – | – |
 High education | * | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | – |
 For early detection | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | – | – |
 Routine medical checkup | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 High self-efficacy | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Increasing age | – | * |  |  | * |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Monthly income | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Physician recommendation | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Prior cervical screening | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Contraceptive use | – | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Fear of death | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | * | – | – | – |
 Age at menarche | – | – | – | * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |