Table 3 Comparison between patient safety grade and number of events reported with patient safety culture composite scores (Composites scored range from 1 to 5)

Teamwork within units

3.05 (0.91)

3.18 (0.72)

3.37 (0.72)

<.001 (b,c)

3.16 (0.77)

3.31 (0.76)

3.60 (0.80)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety

3.09 (0.76)

3.18 (0.67)

3.38 (0.72)

<.001 (b,c)

3.18 (0.70)

3.31 (0.72)

3.56 (0.65)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Organizational learning-continuous improvement

3.14 (0.85)

3.24 (0.64)

3.39 (0.76)

<.001 (b,c)

3.24 (0.70)

3.34 (0.75)

3.59 (0.74)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Management support for patient safety

2.79 (0.79)

3.04 (0.54)

3.31 (0.66)

<.001 (a,b,c)

3.07 (0.63)

3.18 (0.64)

3.49 (0.74)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Feedback and communication about error

2.95 (0.83)

3.14 (0.66)

3.36 (0.75)

<.001 (a,b,c)

3.14 (0.71)

3.27 (0.74)

3.63 (0.71)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Communication openness

2.81 (0.67)

2.97 (0.59)

3.09 (0.62)

<.001 (a,b,c)

2.94 (0.61)

3.04 (0.59)

3.37 (0.71)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Teamwork across hospital units

2.93 (0.54)

3.05 (0.52)

3.24 (0.62)

<.001 (a,b,c)

3.07 (0.57)

3.16 (0.57)

3.43 (0.69)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Staffing

2.72 (0.84)

2.76 (0.69)

2.84 (0.70)

.012 (c)

2.80 (0.69)

2.78 (0.72)

2.89 (0.75)

.150

Hospital handoffs and transitions

3.22 (0.73)

3.26 (0.68)

3.47 (0.91)

<.001 (b,c)

3.29 (0.81)

3.39 (0.82)

3.66 (0.80)

<.001 (a,b,c)

Non-punitive response to error

2.72 (0.98)

2.81 (0.79)

2.92 (0.82)

.001 (b,c)

2.81 (0.80)

2.86 (0.83)

3.08 (0.89)

<.001 (b,c)