HIV-related stigma and discrimination among health care workers during early program decentralization in rural district Gunungkidul, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Correlates of HIV-related stigma and discrimination

	Fear of HIV			Perceived negative			Avoidance of service			Discriminatory
Characteristic	transmission^a			Image of PLHIV^a			Duties^a			practice^a
	(n = 215)			(n = 234)			(n = 234)			(n = 191)
	aOR	95% CI	p-value	aOR	95%CI	p-value	aOR	95%CI	p-value	aOR	95%CI	p-value
Age	1.02	0.98-1.06	0.320	1.01	0.97-1.05	0.548	0.99	0.95-1.02	0.493	1.09	0.99-1.21	0.078
Sex (male)	0.80	0.37-1.73	0.574	1.50	0.72-3.13	0.282	0.71	0.38-1.33	0.288	0.24	0.05-1.08	0.053
HIV knowledge^b	1.04	0.82-1.33	0.715	1.00	0.77-1.29	0.995	0.95	0.77-1.16	0.596	0.23	0.09-0.60	0.002
Facility type (hospital)	1.11	0.59-2.14	0.732	0.95	0.50-1.81	0.897	0.53	0.30-0.94	0.030	4.42	1.24-14.34	0.021
Profession			0.121			0.437			0.599			0.034
Physician/dentist	Reference			Reference			Reference			Reference
Nurse/midwife	2.24	0.96-5.24	0.061	1.58	0.68-3.63	0.284	1.02	0.48-2.17	0.953	6.21	1.55-24.88	0.010
Others^c	1.34	0.49-3.65	0.565	1.93	0.67-5.52	0.218	1.44	0.59-3.54	0.423	3.95	0.65-23.62	0.133
Interactions with PLHIV	0.44	0.22-0.87	0.017	0.99	0.53-1.88	0.992	1.32	0.73-2.37	0.346	0.52	0.15-1.85	0.315
in 12 months (yes)
Receipt of any training	0.47	0.25-0.89	0.021	0.87	0.46-1.64	0.670	2.46	1.37-4.42	0.003	0.71	0.22-2.31	0.570
(yes)^d

aOR adjusted odds ratio; CI confidence interval; HIV human immunodeficiency virus; PLHIV people living with HIV
^aFear of HIV transmission: how worry staff are with the prospect of HIV transmission when caring for PLHIV; perceived negative image of PLHIV: unfounded beliefs, presumptions of negative behaviors of PLHIV; avoidance of service duties: omission, neglect to provide services for HIV key populations if such an option becomes feasible; discriminatory practice: unnecessary preventive measures taken when caring for PLHIV
^bMeasured using 10 questions on basic knowledge of HIV transmission and its mode of exposure
^cA class of cadres with limited or no medical duties, including nutritionists, physiotherapists, laboratory or radiology technicians, medical record officers and public health experts
^dTraining covers one or more of the following topics: HIV and stigma and discrimination; infection control and universal precautions; informed consent and patient confidentiality; and stigma and discrimination in HIV key populations

ISSN: 1472-6963