Table 4 Multivariable Logistic Mixed Effects Model, Patient Characteristics (2003–2009)

Herfindal-Hirschman Index (variable radius 75%)

0.91

0.76–1.10

0.34

Age

0.98

0.98–0.99

< 0.01

Female

0.76

0.72–0.80

< 0.01

 White (reference)

REF

REF

REF

 Black

0.79

0.69–0.89

< 0.01

 Hispanic

0.98

0.87–1.10

0.77

 Asian or Pacific Islander

1.18

0.98–1.41

0.08

 Native American

1.04

0.71–1.51

0.85

 Other / Unknown

1.06

0.98–1.15

0.14

 Small (reference)

REF

REF

REF

 Medium

0.98

0.82–1.16

0.79

 Large

1.04

0.89–1.23

0.61

 Government or private, collapsed (reference)

REF

REF

REF

 Government, nonfederal, public

0.88

0.68–1.13

0.31

 Private, non-profit, voluntary

0.87

0.74–1.02

0.08

 Private, invest-own

0.99

0.83–1.17

0.87

 Private, collapsed

0.96

0.66–1.39

0.83

Teaching Hospital

0.93

0.81–1.06

0.28

Urban

0.96

0.74–1.24

0.77

 Left heart catherization

5.07

4.74–5.43

< 0.01

 Percutaneous coronary intervention

2.62

2.46–2.79

< 0.01

 Coronary artery bypass graft

4.34

4.03–4.68

< 0.01

 Congestive heart failure

1.25

1.19–1.33

< 0.01

 Valvular disease

1.14

1.07–1.22

< 0.01

 Peripheral vascular disease

0.70

0.64–0.76

< 0.01

 Neurologic disease

0.74

0.65–0.83

< 0.01

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0.76

0.71–0.81

< 0.01

 Diabetes mellitus, uncomplicated

1.09

1.02–1.17

< 0.01

 Chronic kidney disease

0.83

0.77–0.90

< 0.01

 Liver disease

0.76

0.59–0.98

0.03

 Coagulopathy

1.44

1.31–1.57

< 0.01

 Fluid and electrolyte disorders

1.09

1.03–1.15

< 0.01

 Hypertension

0.88

0.83–0.93

< 0.01