Fig. 2

Monthly changes in healthcare utilization, diagnosis of chronic conditions, and out-of-pocket medical spending in Singapore, 2019–2020. A. The share of respondents seen by a doctor. B. The share of respondents having a chronic condition diagnosed by a doctor. C. Total out-of-pocket healthcare spending (in S$). Source. Authors’ analysis of data from the Singapore Life Panel Survey. Notes. Square dots represent point estimates and caps indicate 95% confidence intervals using Eq. (1). Standard errors are clustered at the individual level and corrected for heteroskedasticity