Equity of health care financing in South Korea: 1990–2016

Table 2 Kakwani Indices by source of healthcare financing and year between 1990 and 2016 in Korea

	Sources of financing
Year	Direct tax	Indirect tax	Health insurance contribution	Private health insurance premium ^a,b	Out-of-pocket payment	Overall
1990	0.268	0.040	−0.107	–	− 0.040	− 0.048
1991	0.276	0.041	−0.125	–	− 0.052	− 0.059
1992	0.242	0.036	−0.135	–	− 0.039	− 0.055
1993	0.232	0.042	−0.129	–	− 0.060	− 0.066
1994	0.200	0.027	− 0.124	–	−0.063	−0.068
1995	0.246	0.024	−0.113	–	−0.054	−0.058
1996	0.242	0.025	−0.127	–	−0.069	−0.074
1997	0.254	0.018	−0.144	–	−0.063	−0.077
1998	0.320	−0.010	−0.141	0.153	−0.073	−0.074
1999	0.333	−0.003	−0.106	0.099	−0.061	−0.054
2000	0.347	0.004	−0.078	0.064	−0.069	−0.043
2001	0.334	−0.004	−0.072	0.224	−0.068	−0.040
2002	0.329	−0.002	−0.054	0.131	−0.067	−0.033
2003	0.340	−0.015	−0.030	0.001	−0.071	−0.025
2004	0.360	−0.025	−0.013	0.023	−0.059	−0.011
2005	0.350	−0.023	−0.019	−0.004	−0.061	−0.013
2006	0.360	−0.028	0.003	0.030	−0.086	−0.010
2007	0.365	−0.027	0.017	0.024	−0.093	−0.005
2008	0.373	−0.033	0.027	0.046	−0.113	−0.007
2009	0.352	−0.029	0.004	−0.014	−0.098	−0.015
2010	0.359	−0.038	−0.002	0.011	−0.086	−0.013
2011	0.361	−0.024	0.009	0.022	−0.106	−0.014
2012	0.345	−0.025	0.012	−0.070	−0.103	−0.018
2013	0.340	−0.021	0.008	−0.081	−0.104	−0.021
2014	0.320	−0.017	0.012	−0.069	−0.116	−0.024
2015	0.311	−0.024	0.016	−0.056	−0.111	−0.018
2016	0.330	−0.030	0.023	−0.050	−0.111	−0.014

^a As the ratio of supplementary private health insurance among health care financing sources is available since 1998, the Kakwani index of private insurance was calculated from 1998
^b Considering that life insurance companies began selling supplementary private health insurance since September 2005, the Kakwani index of private health insurance between 1998 and 2005 was calculated using only the fire insurance; since 2006, the Kakwani index was calculated by obtaining the weighted average of life insurance and fire insurance

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