Table 1 Factors affecting hospital efficiency

Capital investment

Kohl et al. (2019) [19]

Labor

Chilingerian and Sherman (2011) [20]

Teaching status

Kakeman et al. (2016) [21]

First aid

Length of stay

Staat (2006) [22]; Dimas et al. (2012) [23]

Size

Rebba and Rizzi (2000) [24]; Daidone and D’Amico (2009) [25]; Shahhosein et al. (2011) [26]; Nayar and Ozcan (2013) [27]

Number of service types offered

Chang (1998) [28]; Campedelli et al. (2014) [29]