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Table 4 The impacts of UZMDP on inpatient services utilization and expenditures (DID model)

From: Did the universal zero-markup drug policy lower healthcare expenditures? Evidence from Changde, China

 

Inpatient admissions

Aggregate

Drug

Diagnosis

Laboratory

Medical consumables

 

Estimatea

Se

Estimate

Se

Estimate

Se

Estimate

Se

Estimate

Se

Estimate

Se

Intercept

0.772***

0.025

18,479.543***

912.982

3,029.000***

444.800

-4,057.000***

174.200

-748.076***

49.682

-1,762.000***

124.500

UZMDP adoption

0.089***

0.020

2,500.827***

755.767

-4,349.000***

368.100

417.100**

143.900

122.984**

41.621

117.300

104.700

Year

-0.126***

0.016

-3,040.138***

634.838

7,141.000***

310.200

131.500

124.000

24.121

35.803

149.700

90.370

Group

-0.390***

0.014

-4,523.301***

535.535

-501.500

262.700

3,056.000***

102.900

1,294.083***

29.719

1,768.000***

75.070

Age (year)

0.002***

0.000

69.153***

9.696

34.750***

4.698

25.900***

1.814

7.027***

0.514

4.716***

1.281

Annual income

 0 - 20,000 CNY

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 20,000 - 40,000 CNY

-0.006

0.015

-6,258.998***

551.338

-2,835.000***

266.800

-7.744

100.300

-89.806**

29.188

16.440

73.150

 40,000 - 60,000 CNY

-0.010

0.018

-3,079.387***

683.493

-946.800**

331.000

-526.300***

125.100

-259.216***

36.431

-211.400*

91.170

 ≥ 60,000 CNY

-0.084***

0.024

-3,511.692***

866.390

-2,185.000***

421.500

-157.800

158.900

-349.094***

46.375

-132.500

115.700

Gender

 Female

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Male

0.066***

0.010

2,592.978***

351.871

851.200***

170.600

218.900***

64.320

86.178***

18.654

39.780

46.610

Type of health insurance

 Residents

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

REF

 Employees

0.078***

0.012

1,037.861*

451.458

655.200**

218.900

1,130.000***

82.820

313.736***

24.042

575.800***

60.230

 Retired veteran cadres

0.284***

0.047

12,443.604

1,899.796

4,975.000***

915.400

2,916.000***

342.200

699.456***

99.731

579.300*

254.000

 Disabled soldiers

0.455

0.111

-7,875.390

4,778.139

-2,587.000

2,307.000

873.300

846.800

285.421

247.638

-795.800

644.600

 Regression diagnosticsb

0.000/1.000/0.000

0.021

0.002

0.004

0.012

0.003

  1. aSignificance codes: *** ≤ 0.001, ** ≤ 0.01, * ≤ 0.05
  2. bRegression diagnostics: the p-values of the Over-dispersion test, the Chi-squared test, and the Likelihood ratio test were reported for the healthcare utilization models, while the McFadden’s pseudo R2 was reported for the healthcare expenditures models