Intersectoral costs of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV: a systematic review of cost-of-illness (COI) studies

Table 2 Intersectoral costs identified in the selected studies

Cost components per sector/ Authors	Kuhlmann et al.	Lopez-Bastida et al.	Mostardt et al.	Owusu-Edusei et al.	Shon et al.	Yang et al.	Total
PATIENT & FAMILY	√		√		√	√	4
Out-of-pocket costs as part of health systems/insurance co-pay ^a	√				√	√
Out-of-pocket costs outside health systems/insurance ^b						√
Out-of-pocket costs for hired caregiver						√
Travel expenses for patients			√		√	√
Travel expenses for family/caregiver						√
INFORMAL CARE			√		√	√	3
Time invested/productivity lost by non-paid family/friends			√			√
Caregiver support for outpatient care					√*
PATIENT PRODUCTIVITY - PAID LABOUR	√	√	√	√	√	√	6
Productivity loss due to absenteeism ^c	√		√	√	√	√
Productivity loss due to morbidity		√				√
Productivity loss due to disability			√
short-term			√
long-term			√
partial			√
Productivity loss stemming from cease-to-work						√
Productivity loss due to premature death					√	√

^a Categorised and assessed alongside healthcare costs (direct costs) in the original study. It includes patient out-of-pocket co-payments for medical services and drugs not covered by the national health insurance. Kuhlmann et al. referred to it as patient costs (or Patientenkosten and Patientenzuzahlungen).
^b Categorised and assessed alongside healthcare costs (informal direct medical costs) in the original study. It includes over-the-counter drugs, dietary supplements, folk remedies, traditional Korean medicine services and other treatment-related resource utilizations paid for by patients.
^c Three studies (Owusu-Edusei et al., Shon et al., and Yang et al.) accounted for patient time lost, for instance, for care-seeking. The studies equated these to productivity or income lost.
* It was not clear whether caregivers involved paid or unpaid support and whom this involved (i.e. friends, family).

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