Table 3 Random-effects logistic regression results: bypassing primary health centers for new visits (excluding revisits for the same episode) by older adults, the China Health and Aging Longitudinal Study, 2011–2015

 45–54

Ref.

Ref.

 55–64

(0.85, 1.39)

(0.69, 1.50)

  ≥ 65

(0.68, 1.21)

(1.07, 2.73)

Male

(0.84, 1.29)

(0.71, 1.40)

 Illiterate

Ref.

Ref.

 Elementary school

(0.95, 1.55)

(1.00, 2.85)

 Middle school

(1.17, 2.24)

(1.21, 3.85)

 High school

(1.16, 3.06)

(1.34, 4.76)

  > three-years of college

(0.97, 31.81)

(1.26, 6.86)

Married

(0.78, 1.47)

(0.63, 1.65)

 Low income

(0.77, 1.40)

(0.64, 1.60)

 Lower middle income

(0.76, 1.36)

(0.36, 1.11)

 Upper middle income

(0.83, 1.48)

(0.49, 1.09)

 High income

Ref.

Ref.

 UEMI

(0.62, 3.75)

(0.76, 3.16)

 URMI

(0.90, 8.96)

(0.65, 3.02)

 NRCMI

(0.54, 1.36)

(0.28, 1.19)

 Other Insurance

(0.33, 2.17)

(0.44, 1.68)

 No Insurance

Ref.

Ref.

 Poor

(1.25, 2.02)

(0.69, 1.56)

 Fair

Ref.

 Good

(0.99, 1.81)

(0.65, 1.51)

 Hypertension

(0.79, 1.31)

(0.63, 1.37)

 Dyslipidemia

(1.12, 2.37)

(0.60, 1.47)

 Diabetes

(0.57, 1.50)

(1.00, 3.83)

 Chronic lung diseases

(0.70, 1.31)

(0.61, 1.80)

 Heart diseases

(0.86, 1.68)

(0.87, 2.25)

 Kidney disease

(0.39, 0.89)

(0.36, 1.25)

 Stomach diseases

(0.70, 1.11)

(0.70, 1.50)

 Arthritis or rheumatism

(0.64, 0.98)

(0.67, 1.37)

 Other major chronic diseases

(0.64, 1.20)

(0.37, 1.05)

 None

Ref.

Ref.

 Mild

(0.80, 1.41)

(0.65, 1.77)

 Moderate

(0.92, 2.34)

(0.49, 5.87)

 Severe

(0.82, 4.46)

(0.31, 7.44)

Hospitalization

(1.47, 2.60)

(0.91, 2.36)

Relative travel time

(1.24, 1.39)

(1.16, 1.48)

Constant

(0.07, 0.30)

(0.19, 1.17)

Observations