Table 2 Measures used to assess clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes

Clinical

X

Peak expiratory flow (PEF).

Peak flow variability was calculated as Min%Max (lowest morning PEF over two weeks, as a percentage of highest PEF over the same period).

Basheti et al., 2008 [50]

X

Asthma severity.

Asthma severity was categorized based on the Australian Asthma Management Handbook.

Basheti et al., 2008 [50]

X

Patients’ psychological wellbeing.

Interviewed patients answered the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10).

Crockett et al., 2006 [51]

X

Relief of symptoms after antibiotic therapy.

Semi-structured interview based on questionnaires prepared by a member of the research team and tested for face and content validity during the pilot study.

Merks et al., 2019 [53]

X

Respiratory symptoms.

Symptoms, such as cough, breathlessness, and night-time symptoms, were recorded daily in a diary by the biofeedback and demonstration groups.

O’Dwyer et al., 2020 [54]

X

Asthma exacerbation.

Exacerbations were assessed by quantifying episodes when either oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics usually indicated for respiratory infection were dispensed.

O’Dwyer et al., 2020 [54]

Economic

X

Cost savings.

The cost-savings achieved for patients by accepting generic substitutions were determined based on the dispensed prices to the patient for branded medicines and relevant generic substitutes listed on the Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).

Chong et al., 2011 [49]

X

Cost savings.

The direct costs to society in terms of health care resources needed to respond to the DRP (i.e., cost for primary care visits and hospitalizations) that were potentially avoided as a result of the interventions, were calculated and extrapolated to the national level on an annual basis.

Westerlund et al., 2009 [55]

X

Primary care contact avoided.

The authors of the study, a pharmacist and a physician with extensive clinical experience, judged in terms of primary care contacts avoided.

Westerlund et al., 2009 [55]

X

Hospitalization avoided.

The authors of the study, a pharmacist and a physician with extensive clinical experience, judged in terms of hospitalization avoided.

Westerlund et al., 2009 [55]

X

Money saved.

A literature review was conducted to determine associated cost.

Payne et al., 2019 [56]

Humanistic

X

Asthma-related quality of life.

Not reported

Basheti et al., 2008 [50]

X

Patient satisfaction with service.

Not reported

Crockett et al., 2006 [51]

X

Patients’ perception towards pharmacist’ performance.

Questionnaire based on themes of previous studies. The questionnaire was validated and based on a 5-point Likert type scale with responses ranging from strongly agrees, to strongly disagree.

Ali et al., 2019 [52]

X

Satisfaction with the privacy maintained by pharmacist.

Questionnaire based on themes of previous studies. The questionnaire was validated and based on a 5-point Likert type scale with responses ranging from strongly agrees, to strongly disagree.

Ali et al., 2019 [52]

X

Subjective assessment of patients’ perspective on medical information relating to antibiotic therapy.

Patients’ perspective was measured using the Net Promoter Score Calculation, provided in the form of a single question that aimed to assess how willing a consumer is to recommend a particular product to other users.

Merks et al., 2019 [53]

X

Quality of life.

Quality of life was measured by the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

O’Dwyer et al., 2020 [54]

X

Patient satisfaction with service.

Patients’ satisfaction with the drug dispensing service was assessed by an appropriate instrument validated in English and translated into Portuguese (Correr Instrument).

Ferreira et al., 2018 [57]