Health insurance enrollment and vision health in rural China: an epidemiological survey

Yan, Xiaochang; Yao, Baoqun; Chen, Xi; Bo, Shaoye; Qin, Xuezheng; Yan, Hua

doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06754-0

BMC Health Services Research

Table. 1 Definitions and sample summary statistics of key variables

From: Health insurance enrollment and vision health in rural China: an epidemiological survey

	Definitions	Full sample	Insured	Uninsured	P-value
VI	Scored according to BCVA ^a, ranging from 0 to 5 ^b	0.219	0.207	0.802	< 0.001
VI	Scored according to BCVA ^a, ranging from 0 to 5 ^b	(0.730)	(0.683)	(1.820)
Insurance	Currently enroll in health insurance scheme (NCMS or URRBMI) (1 = Yes)	0.979	1.000	0.000	< 0.001
Insurance		(0.142)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Reimbursement	Reimbursement ratio of health insurance (%) ^c	-	0.829	-	-
Reimbursement	Reimbursement ratio of health insurance (%) ^c	-	(0.079)	-
Chronical physical conditions
Hypertension	Had hypertension (1 = Yes)	0.234	0.235	0.192	0.013
Hypertension	Had hypertension (1 = Yes)	(0.423)	(0.424)	(0.394)
Cardiopathy	Had cardiopathy (1 = Yes)	0.082	0.082	0.072	0.394
Cardiopathy	Had cardiopathy (1 = Yes)	(0.274)	(0.274)	(0.259)
CI	Had cerebral infarction (1 = Yes)	0.048	0.048	0.055	0.417
CI	Had cerebral infarction (1 = Yes)	(0.215)	(0.214)	(0.229)
Diabetes	Had diabetes (1 = Yes)	0.078	0.078	0.076	0.836
Diabetes	Had diabetes (1 = Yes)	(0.268)	(0.268)	(0.265)
Hyperlipidemia	Had hyperlipidemia (1 = Yes)	0.046	0.047	0.034	0.136
Hyperlipidemia	Had hyperlipidemia (1 = Yes)	(0.210)	(0.211)	(0.180)
Mental	Had mental illness such as anxiety or depression (1 = Yes)	0.006	0.006	0.032	< 0.001
Mental	Had mental illness such as anxiety or depression (1 = Yes)	(0.079)	(0.076)	(0.176)
Basic eye conditions
Glaucoma	Had glaucoma (1 = Yes)	0.013	0.012	0.077	< 0.001
Glaucoma	Had glaucoma (1 = Yes)	(0.114)	(0.108)	(0.267)
DR	Had diabetic retinopathy (1 = Yes)	0.009	0.009	0.030	< 0.001
DR	Had diabetic retinopathy (1 = Yes)	(0.095)	(0.093)	(0.171)
MD	Had macular degeneration (1 = Yes)	0.007	0.006	0.037	< 0.001
MD	Had macular degeneration (1 = Yes)	(0.083)	(0.079)	(0.189)
RVO	Had retinal vein obstruction (1 = Yes)	0.005	0.004	0.030	< 0.001
RVO	Had retinal vein obstruction (1 = Yes)	(0.069)	(0.065)	(0.171)
Male	Gender (1 = Male)	0.412	0.410	0.477	0.001
Male	Gender (1 = Male)	(0.492)	(0.492)	(0.500)
Age	Age (year) = 2018 - year of birth	59.44	59.51	56.23	< 0.001
Age	Age (year) = 2018 - year of birth	(14.23)	(14.16)	(16.95)
Single	Never married (1 = Yes)	0.042	0.040	0.133	< 0.001
Single	Never married (1 = Yes)	(0.200)	(0.195)	(0.340)
Han	Ethnicity is Han (1 = Yes)	0.952	0.952	0.976	0.005
Han	Ethnicity is Han (1 = Yes)	(0.213)	(0.214)	(0.152)
Child_Num	Number of children the respondent had	1.889	1.892	1.741	0.004
Child_Num	Number of children the respondent had	(1.260)	(1.257)	(1.382)
BMI	BMI (kg/m²) = Weight / (Height) ^2	23.24	23.24	23.36	0.403
BMI	BMI (kg/m²) = Weight / (Height) ^2	(3.421)	(3.422)	(3.358)
Income	Personal annual income reported in six levels (≤ 10,000 yuan, 10,000–30,000 yuan, 30,000–50,000 yuan, 50,000–80,000 yuan, 80,000-120,000 yuan, ≥ 120,000 yuan), ranging from 1 to 6 ^d	1.393	1.393	1.393	0.991
Income		(0.920)	(0.919)	(0.990)
Education	Years of schooling according to six education level (no education, primary, junior, senior, undergraduate and postgraduate), ranging from 0 to 18 ^e	6.421	6.404	7.224	< 0.001
Education		(4.663)	(4.661)	(4.691)
Observation	Sample size	28,787	28,192	595

Note: Data are from the epidemiological survey of glaucoma conducted from June 2018 to October 2018 in rural China. The reported statistics are the sample mean with standard deviation in parentheses. Column 3 shows the statistics of full sample, which covers all the respondents aged 18 and above. Column 4 to 5 correspond to the subsamples with health insurance (Insurance = 1) and without health insurance (Insurance = 0). Column 6 shows the results of Pearson’s chi-squared test, which studies whether the difference between the insured and the uninsured subsamples in each variable is statistically significant
Abbreviations: BCVA better corrected visual acuity; BMI body mass index; CVA corrected visual acuity; MVI moderate visual impairment; NCMS New Cooperative Medical Scheme; NTB near total blindness; NVI non-visual impairment; PVI profound visual impairment; SVI severe visual impairment; TB total blindness; URRBMI Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance
^a Compared the CVA of both eyes, and recorded the CVA of the better eye as the BCVA. BCVA were recorded with decimals. Since the degree of VI is generally believed to be high if BCVA is less than 0.02, if BCVA is measured from finger counting, hand motion recognizing, light perception or no light perception, we value it as 0.01 for the record
^b If BCVA ≥ 0.3, 0 = NVI; if 0.1 ≤ BCVA < 0.3, 1 = MVI; if 0.05 ≤ BCVA < 0.1, 2 = SVI; if 0.02 ≤ BCVA < 0.05, 3 = PVI; if BCVA < 0.02, count fingers, hand motion, or light perception, 4 = NTB; if no light perception, 5 = TB
^c Calculated based on the reported inpatient reimbursement rate in the tier-1 designated medical institutions (primary care hospitals) of each county. Since the uninsured persons are not covered by health insurance, the uninsured subsample has no reimbursement rate. Only the reimbursement rate of the insured subsample has a value
^d 1 = Up to 10,000 yuan, 2 = 10,000–30,000 yuan, 3 = 30,000–50,000 yuan, 4 = 50,000–80,000 yuan, 5 = 80,000–120,000 yuan, 6 = More than 120,000 yuan
^e 0 = No education, 6 = Primary, 9 = Junior, 12 = Senior, 16 = Undergraduate, 18 = Postgraduate

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ISSN: 1472-6963

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