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Table 3 Logistic regression of factors associated with community pharmacy utilisation (N=1,243)

From: Determinants of community pharmacy utilisation among the adult population in Malaysia: findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019

Factor

Crude OR

Confidence Interval

p-value

Adjusted OR

Confidence Interval

p-value

LL

UL

LL

UL

Sex:

 Male

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

 Female

1.52

1.25

1.86

< 0.001

1.41

1.14

1.73

0.001

Age (years):

 18-30

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

 31-40

1.78

1.31

2.42

< 0.001

1.54

1.09

2.17

0.015

 41-50

1.43

1.06

1.93

0.019

1.39

0.99

1.97

0.059

 51-60

1.82

1.40

2.37

< 0.001

1.81

1.29

2.53

0.001

 60+

1.74

1.28

2.38

0.001

2.05

1.33

3.16

0.001

Education level:

 No formal education

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

 Primary

0.85

0.55

1.33

0.483

0.85

0.52

1.37

0.494

 Secondary

1.06

0.71

1.58

0.789

1.37

0.88

2.15

0.167

 Tertiary

1.63

1.06

2.50

0.026

2.03

1.26

3.29

0.004

Marital status:

 Married

1.39

1.15

1.68

0.001

1.23

0.92

1.43

0.220

 Singlea

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

Employment status:

 Active

1.00 (ref)

  

-

    

 Inactive

0.95

0.78

1.17

0.650

    

Income category:

 Bottom 40 (B40)

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

 Middle 40 (M40)

1.35

1.05

1.72

0.017

1.21

0.93

1.57

0.149

 Top 20 (T20)

1.43

1.05

1.95

0.023

1.11

0.80

1.53

0.527

Locality:

 Urban

1.44

1.13

1.84

0.004

1.42

1.13

1.79

0.002

 Rural

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

Self-reported health problems:

 Yes

7.42

6.02

9.13

< 0.001

7.62

6.05

9.59

< 0.001

 No

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

Self-rated health:

 Excellent - Good

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

 Fair

1.39

1.12

1.72

0.003

0.88

0.68

1.15

0.354

 Poor – Very Poor

1.96

1.27

3.03

0.002

0.90

0.57

1.43

0.658

Presence of DM, HPT or HPC

 No

1.00 (ref)

  

-

1.00 (ref)

  

-

 Yes

1.53

1.28

1.84

< 0.001

1.07

0.83

1.38

0.577

  1. Statistically significant findings are in bold text. The model correctly predicts community pharmacy utilisation 89.61% of the time. Multicollinearity analysis revealed that all variables had VIFs of less than 5 (ranging from 1.14 to 1.68), indicating that multicollinearity was unlikely. The model was deemed fit as the areas under the curve for the final model was greater than 0.7
  2. LL Lower Limit, UL Upper Limit, OR Odds Ratio, ref reference category, DM Diabetes Mellitus, HPT Hypertension, HPC Hypercholesterolemia
  3. aIncludes divorced, separated or never married