Table 4 Factors associated with total cost of hip fracture surgery for patients during an index hospitalization in Japan, Korea, & Taiwan^a

Sex

Male

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

Female

−0.026

0.003

<0.001

0.009

0.004

0.014

−0.009

0.004

0.021

Age

50–64

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

65–74

0.019

0.007

0.005

0.075

0.007

<0.001

0.043

0.006

<0.001

75–84

0.030

0.006

<0.001

0.117

0.006

<0.001

0.065

0.006

<0.001

85 +

0.020

0.006

0.001

0.133

0.006

<0.001

0.096

0.006

<0.001

Household income level

Q1

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

Q2

0.011

0.005

0.013

−0.014

0.016

0.382

Q3

0.010

0.005

0.044

−0.016

0.016

0.303

Q4

0.013

0.005

0.005

−0.027

0.016

0.098

Charlson Comorbidity Index

0

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

1

0.072

0.005

<0.001

0.023

0.004

<0.001

0.045

0.005

<0.001

2

0.007

0.003

0.039

0.075

0.005

<0.001

0.083

0.006

<0.001

3

0.080

0.007

<0.001

0.155

0.009

<0.001

0.104

0.008

<0.001

4+

0.027

0.006

<0.001

0.199

0.013

<0.001

0.105

0.008

<0.001

Surgical intervention/ Procedure

Internal fixation

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

Hemiarthroplasty

0.248

0.003

<0.001

0.283

0.004

<0.001

0.461

0.004

<0.001

Total hip arthroplasty

0.447

0.013

<0.001

0.412

0.009

<0.001

0.522

0.030

<0.001

Location

Urban

−0.021

0.013

0.104

0.006

0.048

0.907

−0.002

0.026

0.933

Rural

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

Ownership

Public

−0.046

0.010

<0.001

0.256

0.029

<0.001

−0.034

0.012

0.006

Private, others

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

Teaching hospital

Yes

0.036

0.020

0.074

0.034

0.027

0.206

−0.036

0.018

0.041

No

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

No. of Hosp. beds

30–99

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

100–399

0.000

0.030

0.996

0.151

0.018

<0.001

0.111

0.042

0.009

400+

−0.057

0.031

0.064

0.225

0.029

<0.001

0.160

0.042

<0.001

No. of hip fracture patients

Q1

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

(ref.)

Q2

−0.003

0.014

0.832

−0.014

0.022

0.521

−0.007

0.025

0.769

Q3

−0.020

0.014

0.164

0.065

0.024

0.006

−0.037

0.027

0.175

Q4

−0.105

0.014

<0.001

0.114

0.026

<0.001

0.010

0.028

0.719

Regional characteristics

(where the hospital located)

Disposable income (USD PPP, 2010)

−0.001

0.004

0.724

0.005

0.010

0.625

−0.002

0.005

0.721

Herfindahl-Hirschman index

0.027

0.014

0.052

0.045

0.018

0.011

−0.034

0.025

0.171

% elderly lives alone

0.001

0.002

0.479

0.010

0.008

0.223

−0.003

0.005

0.605

No. of physicians per 1000 persons

0.019

0.018

0.296

−0.006

0.025

0.816

−0.048

0.034

0.159

No. of hospital beds per 1000 persons

−0.005

0.003

0.048

−0.001

0.002

0.647

0.007

0.009

0.450

No. of home care facilities per 10,000 persons

−0.001

0.001

0.622

0.003

0.021

0.904

−0.009

0.055

0.872

% social welfare expenditure

0.003

0.001

0.025

0.002

0.003

0.663

−0.001

0.006

0.815