Utilization of eye health services and diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study among persons living with diabetes visiting a tertiary eye care facility in Ghana

Table 2 Utilization of eye health service among participants by socio-demographic characteristics

Variable	Utilization of eye health services			χ²
	Yes	No	Total
	P[95%CI]	P[95%CI]
	21.7[17.7-26.2]	78.3[73.7-82.3]	N= 360
	%	%	N
Diabetes type				55.14***
Type 1 diabetes	74.2	25.8	31
Type 2 diabetes	16.7	83.3	329
Sex				5.23*
Male	27.2	72.8	162
Female	17.2	82.8	198
Age [Mean±SD]	44.63(20.59)	44.58(15.89)	44.60(16.99)	12.56*
≤29	30.3	69.7	76
30-39	23.4	76.6	77
40-49	17.7	81.3	63
50-59	8.4	91.6	71
60+	27.0	73.0	74
Educational level				6.87
None	13.9	86.1	36
Primary	15.3	84.7	85
Secondary	28.8	71.2	118
Tertiary	21.5	78.5	121
Occupation				16.30***
Government Employee	23.5	76.5	85
Self-Employed	26.3	73.7	114
Student	40.6	59.4	32
Retired	13.6	86.4	59
Unemployed	10.0	90.0	70
Mode of payment for health services				59.60***
Out of pocket	27.7	72.3	83
NHIS	12.5	87.5	232
Out of pocket and NHIS	67.6	32.4	37
Marital status				7.33
Single	34.6	65.4	52
Married	17.0	83.0	165
Divorced	22.7	77.3	66
Widowed	22.1	77.9	77
Years of diagnosis				16.66***
< 6 months	47.6	52.4	21
6 months - 1 year	28.3	71.7	113
1+ years	15.9	84.1	226
Current blood glucose (mmol/L)				6.53*
Below 5.6	40.0	60.0	30
5.6 - 6.9	20.8	79.2	106
7+	19.6	80.4	224
Time taken to health facility				0.93
<2 hours	18.2	81.8	33
2-4 hours	18.8	81.3	80
5+ hours	23.1	76.9	247
Attended to by health professional during the last visit				4.39*
Yes	21.1	78.9	355
No	60.0	40.0	5
Visitation to Eye clinic within the past 12 months				9.67**
Yes	33.7	66.3	86
No	17.9	82.1	274
Know of any other eye clinic to visit				2.45
Yes	24.4	75.6	217
No	17.5	82.5	143

NOTE: P represent the estimated prevalence rate. NHIS represent National Health Insurance Scheme.
P-value notation: ^*p-value<0.05, ^**p-value≤0.01, ^***p-value≤0.001

ISSN: 1472-6963