Impacts of innovation in dental care delivery and payment in Medicaid managed care for children and adolescents

Table 1 Individual sociodemographic characteristics and county-level characteristics

Year	Baseline Period (2014–2015)			Intervention Period (2016–2017)			Notes
Group	Control	Intervention	p-value	Control	Intervention	p-value	Notes
Sample Size (N)	61,743	124,013		52,497	119,170
Age in years
0 to 5	37.82%	37.27%	0.0511	35.62%	35.05%	0.0504	[1]
6 to 12	36.00%	36.18%		37.49%	37.64%
13 to 18	26.18%	26.55%		26.89%	27.31%
Gender
Female	49.16%	48.84%	0.2014	49.00%	48.79%	0.4317	[1]
Male	50.84%	51.16%	0.2014	51.00%	51.21%	0.4317	[1]
Race/Ethnicity
White	58.84%	68.08%	<.0001	55.23%	66.27%	<.0001	[1]
Hispanic Non-White	30.14%	21.60%		31.02%	20.93%
Other	11.03%	10.32%		13.75%	12.80%
Coverage Days category							[2]
< 30 days	0.80%	0.60%	<.0001	0.95%	0.71%	<.0001	[1]
30–59 days	3.54%	3.30%		4.11%	3.74%
60–89 days	37.12%	37.77%		43.46%	42.67%
> = 90 days	58.54%	58.33%		51.48%	52.89%
Other county-level covariates
% Uninsured	20.26%	19.13%	<.0001	16.76%	15.64%	<.0001
# Dentist/100 k population	54.99	71.03	N/A	59.06	74.70	N/A	[3]
Population/Square Miles	11.08	29.22	N/A	11.08	29.22	N/A	[4]

[1] These are comparison between categorical distributions using Chi-square tests, so there should only be one p-value per variable per period
[2] Annual average coverage days per quarter = total coverage days per year (0 ~ 365 or 366) / total covered quarters per year (1–4)
[3] These are weighted average per intervention/control group with no distribution attached, so t-test or Chi-square test would not be applicable (No p-value)
[4] For population density, we used 2016 population estimate, so the intervention/control group-level weighted average are the same throughout the study timeframe

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