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Table 1 The association between individual sociodemographic characteristics, number of NCDs, and multimorbidity

From: Effect of multimorbidity on utilisation and out-of-pocket expenditure in Indonesia: quantile regression analysis

Characteristics

Total

Number of NCDsa

Any multimorbidityb,c

n

%

PR

95% CI

p-value

aOR

95% CI

p-value

Overall

13,798

100.0

      

 Age (year)

  40–49 years

5872

44.63

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

  50–59 years

3999

29.02

1.44

(1.37–1.52)

< 0.0001

1.94

(1.72–2.18)

< 0.0001

  60–69 years

2210

15.46

1.77

(1.68–1.87)

< 0.0001

2.86

(2.50–3.28)

< 0.0001

  70+ years

1717

10.89

1.89

(1.77–2.00)

< 0.0001

3.06

(2.60–3.60)

< 0.0001

Gender

 Male

6627

49.00

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Female

7171

51.00

1.29

(1.24–1.35)

< 0.0001

1.67

(1.51–1.84)

< 0.0001

Marital status

 Not currently married

2928

19.68

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Currently married

10,870

80.32

1.06

(1.01–1.11)

0.012

1.09

(0.97–1.23)

0.147

Education status

 No education

5359

39.36

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Primary

3237

24.79

1.07

(1.02–1.12)

0.010

1.22

(1.08–1.38)

0.002

 Junior high school

1570

11.13

1.11

(1.04–1.20)

0.003

1.31

(1.11–1.54)

0.001

 Senior high school

2587

17.67

1.09

(1.03–1.16)

0.006

1.27

(1.09–1.48)

0.002

 Tertiary

1045

7.050

1.19

(1.10–1.29)

< 0.0001

1.60

(1.32–1.93)

< 0.0001

Residency

 Rural

5850

49.07

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Urban

7948

50.93

1.11

(1.06–1.15)

< 0.0001

1.30

(1.17–1.44)

< 0.0001

Region

 Java-Bali

8694

75.71

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Sumatra

2920

16.10

1.08

(1.03–1.13)

0.001

1.29

(1.15–1.43)

< 0.0001

 Nusa Tenggara

863

2.60

0.73

(0.68–0.79)

< 0.0001

0.50

(0.41–0.63)

< 0.0001

 Kalimantan

602

2.56

1.19

(1.10–1.29)

< 0.0001

1.56

(1.28–1.89)

< 0.0001

 Sulawesi

719

3.03

0.99

(0.91–1.07)

0.771

1.03

(0.84–1.26)

0.763

PCE, quartile

 Q1 (the lowest)

2761

21.36

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Q2

2761

21.04

1.09

(1.02–1.15)

0.007

1.34

(1.15–1.57)

< 0.0001

 Q3

2766

19.78

1.19

(1.12–1.27)

< 0.0001

1.57

(1.34–1.84)

< 0.0001

 Q4

2759

19.46

1.24

(1.16–1.32)

< 0.0001

1.66

(1.42–1.94)

< 0.0001

 Q5 (the highest)

2751

18.37

1.39

(1.30–1.48)

< 0.0001

2.06

(1.76–2.41)

< 0.0001

Had any health insurance

 No

6925

52.11

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Yes

6873

47.89

1.14

(1.09–1.18)

< 0.0001

1.35

(1.23–1.49)

< 0.0001

  1. NCDs non-communicable diseases, PCE per capita expenditure
  2. aPrevalence ratio (PR) was estimated using Poisson regression
  3. bAdjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) was estimated using logistic regression model
  4. cWe defined multimorbidity if the respondents reported that they had two or more chronic conditions related to NCDs. Chronic diseases in IFLS5 included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma, chronic heart diseases, mental health issue, stroke, liver diseases, cancer/malignancies, liver, arthritis, high cholesterol, prostate illness kidney diseases, digestive system diseases
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BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

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