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Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression model for impact on caregivers, stratified by caregiving intensity level

From: The impacts of caregiving intensity on informal caregivers in Malaysia: findings from a national survey

Factor

Low intensity level of care

High intensity level of care

Affect health

Affect daily activitiesd

Affect social activities

Affect health

Affect daily activitiesd

Affect social activities

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR

(95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Demographic, socioeconomic and health

 Sex

  Male

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  Female

3.33 (1.26–8.75)

0.015

1.56 (0.76–3.22)

0.227

1.67 (0.66–4.22)

0.281

3.15 (0.89–11.18)

0.076

0.94 (0.45–1.95)

0.858

1.78 (0.63–5.04)

0.275

 Ethnicity

  Malaya

  

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

    

1.00 (ref)

–

  Non-Malay

  

2.91 (1.40–6.08)

0.004

1.49 (0.65–3.39)

0.344

    

3.34 (1.25–8.93)

0.016

 Age (years)

  18–34

3.54 (0.65–19.33)

0.144

0.48 (0.15–1.56)

0.222

0.88 (0.27–2.94)

0.839

0.32 (0.08–1.36)

0.122

2.31 (0.71–7.47)

0.163

0.68 (0.19–2.44)

0.553

  35–59

3.75 (1.22–11.51)

0.021

0.86 (0.32–2.33)

0.770

1.31 (0.48–3.57)

0.596

0.20 (0.05–0.80)

0.023

1.22 (0.47–3.15)

0.681

0.30 (0.08–1.18)

0.086

  60+

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Educational level

  No formal

1.00 (ref)

–

        

1.00 (ref)

–

  Primary

1.22 (0.22–6.91)

0.822

        

1.05 (0.10–10.52)

0.968

  Secondary

0.65 (0.13–3.11)

0.584

        

3.86 (0.35–42.12)

0.267

  Tertiary

0.42 (0.06–3.18)

0.401

        

9.00 (0.68–119.47)

0.096

 Marital status

  Married

2.57 (0.90–7.29)

0.077

    

0.38 (0.13–1.14)

0.084

    

  Not married (divorced, separated or never married)

1.00 (ref)

–

    

1.00 (ref)

–

    

 Employment status

  Active

  

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

      

  Inactive

  

1.32 (0.56–3.11)

0.521

1.62 (0.68–3.87)

0.274

      

 Incomeb

  Low

1.79 (0.50–6.42)

0.372

          

  Middle

0.62 (0.20–1.93)

0.412

          

  High

1.00 (ref)

–

          

 Location

  Urban

          

1.00 (ref)

–

  Rural

          

0.57 (0.19–1.71)

0.319

 Self-reported health problems

  Yes

      

2.58 (0.76–8.75)

0.129

    

  No

      

1.00 (ref)

–

    

 Long-term conditionc

  Yes

3.43 (1.42–8.32)

0.006

    

0.79 (0.18–3.45)

0.758

    

  No

1.00 (ref)

–

    

1.00 (ref)

–

    

 Self-rated health

            

  Excellent - Good

    

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

    

  Fair - Very Poor

    

1.65 (0.63–4.33)

0.312

1.27 (0.43–3.70)

0.664

    

Caregiving-related

            

 Living in the same household

  Yes

          

9.34 (0.89–97.64)

0.062

  No

          

1.00 (ref)

–

 Receive training

  Yes

      

4.50 (1.61–12.56)

0.004

1.88 (0.74–4.77)

0.184

4.46 (1.82–10.96)

0.001

  No

      

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

 Has assistance

  Yes

  

1.00 (ref)

–

  

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

1.00 (ref)

–

  No

  

1.61 (0.66–3.95)

0.299

  

3.18 (1.07–9.45)

0.037

2.96 (1.16–7.54)

0.023

1.67 (0.63–4.43)

0.303

 Duration of providing care (years)

  Less than 2

1.00 (ref)

–

        

1.00 (ref)

–

  2 and more

2.02 (0.92–4.43)

0.080

        

3.73 (1.12–12.42)

0.032

  1. Statistically significant p-values (< 0.05) are shown in bold. Multicollinearity was unlikely. Overall fit of the model for each binary logit was checked using weighted area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve [model affect health (low intensity), 0.803; model affect daily activities (low intensity), 0.707; model affect social activities (low intensity), 0.658; model affect health (high intensity), 0.799; model affect daily activities (high intensity), 0.654; model affect social activities (high intensity), 0.819]. Models were considered fit based on the area under the curve
  2. CI Confidence Interval, OR Odds Ratio, ref. reference category
  3. a Malay includes Orang Asli
  4. b Low income (comprised of those from quintile one and two), Middle income (comprised of those from quintile three and four), High income (comprised of those from the highest quintile)
  5. c Long-term condition refers to presence of any non-communicable diseases (diabetes, hypertension or hypercholesterolemia)
  6. d Daily activities refers to daily, work or school activities
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