Table 1 Variables
Level | Information |
|---|---|
National | Country (Switzerland, Austria) |
Institutional | Availability of a protocol/guidelines regarding restraints (based on a(n) (inter) national guideline) within the institution (yes, no) |
| Â | Availability of a multi-disciplinary expert committee regrading restraints within the institution (yes, no) |
Ward | Regular audits are performed on the ward level to ensure compliance with the protocol/guidelines regarding restraints (yes, no) |
| Â | Refresher course regarding restraints for at least 80% of ward nursing staff in the last 2 years (yes, no) |
Patient | Age in years (interval) |
| Â | Female gender (yes, no) |
| Â | Surgical intervention in the 2 weeks prior to data collection (yes, no) |
| Â | Number of days since admission to hospital (interval) |
| Â | Medical diagnosis groups according to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10; for each diagnosis group yes, no) [28] |
|  | Care dependency assessed with the Care Dependency Scale (CDS) (15 items [e.g., eating and drinking or mobility] are rated on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 [sum score 15–75]. Lower scores indicate higher care dependency resulting in five verified categories: 15–24 completely dependent, 25–44 dependent to a great extent, 45–59 partially dependent, 60–69 independent to a great extent, 70–75 completely independent) [29] |
|  | Restraint use within the institution retrospectively over a maximum period of 30 days (yes, no) |