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Table 6 Factors associated with OOP expenditures stratified by type of care

From: Health services utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures in public and private facilities in Pakistan: an empirical analysis of the 2013–14 OOP health expenditure survey

OOP Expenditurea

Outpatient

Inpatient

Marginal effect

SE

p-value

Marginal effect

SE

p-value

Sector of care

 Private

1302.64

1179.10

0.27

6656.55

1359.37

< 0.001

Gender

 Female

−669.61

687.30

0.33

−4636.28

2330.86

0.05

Age

 0 to 5

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 6 to 20

1749.97

530.25

0.001

4647.41

2554.70

0.07

 21 to 40

5033.45

685.47

< 0.001

11,412.02

3626.46

0.002

 41 to 60

8093.58

1134.86

< 0.001

4098.84

2401.64

0.09

 > 60

7374.50

1174.63

< 0.001

3207.23

2764.51

0.25

Household wealth quintile

 Poorest

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Poorer

1573.21

613.17

0.01

1536.80

1235.42

0.21

 Middle

3387.03

1048.08

0.001

4470.90

1298.43

0.001

 Richer

4334.84

787.13

< 0.001

7423.11

1641.75

< 0.001

 Richest

7302.04

1230.81

< 0.001

22,536.90

3227.64

< 0.001

Region

 Rural

1454.51

591.75

0.01

3296.88

1479.93

0.03

Province

 Punjab

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Sindh

− 4664.80

575.07

< 0.001

−3136.24

1450.22

0.03

 KP

− 4393.93

750.38

< 0.001

447.40

2324.60

0.85

 Balochistan

− 1621.27

1020.91

0.11

− 8523.96

1637.83

< 0.001

Household size

 1–4

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 5–8

− 1183.92

721.30

0.10

−5581.07

2299.34

0.02

 9–12

− 1833.67

951.51

0.05

−9167.43

2577.53

< 0.001

 13+

−3388.54

947.73

< 0.001

1127.79

6448.54

0.86

Type of illness

 Communicable

Ref.

  

Ref.

  

 Accident/Injury

3397.88

2521.68

0.18

13,214.49

4524.63

0.003

 Chronic

1442.92

919.07

0.12

4133.48

2739.33

0.13

 Childbirth

N/A

  

− 3683.05

2423.11

0.13

 Other female reproductive health concerns

760.92

1433.90

0.60

− 2495.16

3035.34

0.41

 Other illness

− 4268.83

679.27

< 0.001

13,546.45

4022.53

0.001

N

6770

1199

  1. aModeled using GLM with log link and gamma distribution, marginal effects are shown