Table 2 Characteristics of pregnant women and their household
Reported attending ANCa | Reported not attending ANCa | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Participants, n | 1736 | 560 | |
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 25.8 ± 6.4 | 26.0 ± 6.4 | 0.86 |
Adolescent (≤ 19 years) | 324 (19.0%) | 94 (16.8%) | 0.24 |
Ethnicity | |||
Hausa | 1469 (84.7%) | 482 (84.7%) | |
Others | 266 (15.3%) | 87 (15.3%) | 0.98 |
Education | |||
Any formal education | 383 (22.1%) | 103 (18.1%) | |
No education | 1352 (77.9%) | 466 (81.9%) | 0.04 |
Principal occupation | |||
Housewife | 1420 (81.8%) | 476 (83.7%) | |
Non-Housewife | 316 (18.2%) | 93 (16.3%) | 0.31 |
Trimesterb | |||
First | 5 (0.3%) | 38 (6.7%) | |
Second | 550 (31.9%) | 409 (72.4%) | |
First half of third trimester | 557 (33.4%) | 67 (11.9%) | |
Second half of third trimester | 593 (34.4%) | 51 (9.0%) | <.0001 |
Obstetric history | |||
Age at first pregnancy median, years (25th, 75th) | 17.0 (16.0–18.0) | 16.0 (16.0, 17.0) | 0.62 |
(Min, max) | (11.0, 35.0) | (13.0, 38.0) | |
Gravidity | |||
Multigravida | 1487 (85.7%) | 501 (88.1%) | |
Primigravida | 249 (14.3%) | 68 (11.9%) | 0.15 |
Outcome of previous pregnancy | |||
Child born alive, still living | 1286 (86.5%) | 428 (85.4%) | |
Child born alive, has since died | 138 (9.3%) | 56 (11.2%) | |
Still birth, miscarriage, abortion | 63 (4.2%) | 17 (3.4%) | 0.35 |
Attended any ANC during last pregnancy | 1383 (93.0%) | 452 (90.2%) | 0.04 |
Attended at least 4 ANC during last pregnancy | 601 (40.4%) | 175 (35.1%) | 0.03 |
Health facility delivery during last pregnancy | 580 (39.1%) | 149 (29.8%) | 0.0002 |
Household level characteristics | |||
Household head’s education level | |||
Any formal education | 337 (22.8%) | 66 (13.0%) | |
No education | 1144 (77.2%) | 441 (87.0%) | <.0001 |
Principal occupation of the household head | |||
Farming related occupation | 546 (31.8%) | 237 (41.9%) | |
Non-farming related occupation | 1170 (68.2%) | 328 (58.2%) | <.0001 |
Levels of household food insecurity | |||
Food secure | 767 (44.2%) | 222 (39.1%) | |
Mildly food insecure | 152 (8.8%) | 50 (8.8%) | |
Moderately food insecure | 389 (22.4%) | 141 (24.9%) | |
Severely food insecure | 427 (24.6%) | 154 (27.2%) | 0.19 |
Season of enrollment | |||
Lean, rain (June–September) | 575 (33.1%) | 201 (35.3%) | |
Dry, post-harvest (October–February) | 590 (34.0%) | 221 (38.8%) | |
Hot (March–May) | 571 (32.9%) | 147 (25.8%) | 0.006 |