Table 4 Patterns of mean HLQ scale scores in relation to demographics and other characteristics
Variable | 1. Feeling understood and supported by healthcare providers | 2. Having sufficient information to manage my health | 3. Actively managing my health | 4. Social support for health | 5. Appraisal of health information | 6. Ability to actively engage with healthcare providers | 7. Navigating the healthcare system | 8. Ability to find good health information | 9. Understanding health information enough to know what to do |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 2.44(0.58) | 2.62 (0.41) | 2.69 (0.42) | 2.66 (0.43) | 2.57 (0.43) | 3.43 (0.64) | 3.33 (0.63) | 3.36 (0.59) | 3.35 (0.60) |
Male | 2.47 (0.51) | 2.54 (0.39) | 2.74 (0.55) | 2.73 (0.39) | 2.52 (0.46) | 3.31 (0.57) | 3.20 (0.67) | 3.45 (0.46) | 3.47 (0.63) |
P-value | p = 0.3981 | p = 0.1483 | p = 0.2723 | p = 0.1897 | p = 0.2559 | p = 0.1509 | p = 0.1208 | p = 0.1991 | p = 0.1341 |
Effect size (95% CI) | 0.05 (− 0.32 to 0.41) | − 0.20 (− 0.56 to 0.17) | 0.11 (− 025 to 0.47) | 0.16 (− 0.20 to 0.52) | − 0.12 (− 0.48 to 0.24) | −0.19 (− 0.55 to 0.17) | − 0.22 (− 0.58 to 0.14) | 0.14 (− 0.22 to 0.50) | 0.21 (− 0.16 to 0.57) |
Age | |||||||||
15–35 | 2.43 (0.57) | 2.61(0.42) | 2.68(0.43) | 2.68(0.42) | 2.57(0.44) | 3.43(0.64) | 3.34(0.64) | 3.42(0.57) | 3.41(0.59) |
36–69 | 2.48 (0.59) | 2.66(0.40) | 2.74(0.40) | 2.61(0.46) | 2.58(0.43) | 3.43(0.64) | 3.31(0.62) | 3.44(0.57) | 3.21(0.59) |
P-value | P = 0.0719 | P = 0.0270 | P = 0.0121 | P = 0.0058 | P = 0.2876 | P = 0.4420 | P = 0.2009 | P = 0.3056 | p < 0.001 |
Effect size (95% CI) | − 0.10 (− 0.22 to 0.03) | − 0.13 (− 0.25 to 0.00) | − 0.15 (− 0.28 to − 0.02) | 0.17 (0.04 to 0.29) | − 0.04 (− 0.17 to 0.09) | −0.01 (− 0.14 to 0.12) | 0.06 (− 0.07 to 0.18) | −0.03 (− 0.16 to 0.10) | 0.33 (0.21 to 0.46) |
Years of schooling | |||||||||
≤ 12 years | 2.43(0.57) | 2.62(0.41) | 2.70(0.42) | 2.65(0.43) | 2.60(0.43) | 3.42(0.64) | 3.33(0.63) | 3.42(0.57) | 3.34(0.59) |
> 12 years | 2.65(0.67) | 2.75(0.47) | 2.87(0.54) | 2.83(0.51) | 2.75(0.53) | 3.66(0.73) | 3.64(0.67) | 3.69(0.55) | 4.01(0.57) |
P-value | P = 0.0215 | P = 0.0401 | p = 0.0090 | p = 0.0123 | P = 0.0099 | P = 0.0219 | P = 0.0038 | P = 0.0048 | p < 0.001 |
Effect size (95% CI) | −0.37 (−0.74 to −0.01) | −0.32 (− 0.70 to 0.04) | −0.44 (− 0.80 to − 0.07) | −0.42 (− 0.78 to − 0.05) | −0.43 (− 079 to − 0.07) | −0.37 (− 0.73 to − 0.01) | −0.49 (− 0.86 to − 0.13) | −0.48 (− 0.84 to − 012) | − 1.15 (−1.51 to − 0.78) |
Language | |||||||||
Local | 2.42(0.58) | 2.60(0.41) | 2.67(0.42) | 2.64 (0.43) | 2.55(0.43) | 3.41(0.63) | 3.31(0.63) | 3.34(0.58) | 3.30(0.58) |
English | 2.58(0.55) | 2.78(0.40) | 2.84(0.39) | 2.81(0.38) | 2.76(0.40) | 3.58(0.68) | 3.50(0.65) | 3.58(0.57) | 3.81(0.56) |
P-value | p = 0.0016 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.0016 | p = 0.0011 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Effect size (95% CI) | −0.27 (−0.45 to −0.09) | −0.44 (− 0.62 to − 0.26) | −0.41 (− 0.59 to − 0.23) | −0.40 (− 0.58 to − 0.21) | −0.50 (− 0.67 to − 0.31) | −0.27 (− 0.45 to − 0.09) | −0.30 (− 0.48 to − 012) | −0.43 (− 0.61 to − 0.24) | −0.90 (−1.07 to − 0.70) |