Table 2 Compliance estimates before aseptic procedures during labour or delivery
Asp (2011) [18] | Buxton (2019) [19] | Changaee (2014) [20] | Cronin (1993) [21] | Danda (2015) [22] | Delaney (2017) [23] | Friday (2012) [24] | Gon (2018) [25] | Hoogenboom (2015) [26] | Mannava (2019) [27] | Phan (2018) [28] | Simbar (2008) [29] | Spector (2012) [30] | Tyagi (2018) [31] | Yawson (2013) [32] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Estimate | |||||||||||||||
Outcome definition | Hand washing with soap or hand disinfection | Hand hygiene compliance before aseptic procedures. Hand washing with soap and new gloves applied without potential recontaminationc. | Unclear. Desirable hand washing. Estimated % was compliance with desirable status defined as 68–100% score. Unclear if soap necessary | Number of midwives who hand scrubbed with Dettol or soap and water | Whether each midwife washed her hands at least once. Unclear if with soap | Hand hygiene compliance measured by independent observers during non-intervention days. Hand washing with soap and water or alcohol rub | Unclear. Hand hygiene compliance at the facility level. Unclear if soap necessary and if handrub allowed. | Hand hygiene compliance before aseptic procedures. Steps included hand washing with alcohol-based hand rub or wash hands with soap and water, avoided recontamination and donning glovesc. | Hand washing of at least one of the birth attendant present. Unclear if with soap | Hand hygiene compliance. Unclear if with soap | Hand hygiene compliance is the ratio of the number of performed actions to the number of opportunities. Presumably, soap & water or handrub necessaryc. | Hand washing; Unclear if with soap | Hands washed with clean water and soap, and clean gloves worn for admission vaginal examination. Proportion of each birth practice successfully delivered | Hand hygiene compliance. Hand washing with soap and water or waterless alcohol-based hand rubc. | Hand hygiene compliance (% of times performed hand hygiene of all observed moments when required). Presumably, soap& water or handrub necessaryc. |
Opportunity type | Before contact with patient during delivery | Before aseptic procedures during labour and delivery (including vaginal examination) | Second stage of labour; unclear if before or after what type of contact | Before delivery | Before procedures in the labour and postnatal ward | Before delivery | Before examining patients | Before aseptic procedures during labour and delivery | Before or after delivery | Before gloving for delivery | 5 types of WHO hand hygiene opportunities in the delivery suite e.g. before patient contact | Second stage of labour; unclear if before or after what type of contact | Before delivery | Before delivery | Before aseptic/clean procedures in the labour and emergency room |
Numerator | 1 | 7 | Unclear | 0 | 14 | 374 | 30a | 75 | 15 | 300 | 142 | Unclear | 41a | 80a | 31a |
Denominator | 52 | 201 | Unclear | 18 | 37 | 1027 | 63 | 781 | 20 | 371 | 507 | Unclear | 388 | 235 | 116 |
Compliance % | 1.9%a | 4.0% | 11.5% | 0%a | 37.8%a | 36% | 48% | 9.6% | 75.0%a | 81.0% | 28.0%a | < 20.0%b | 10.6%a | 34.0% | 27.0% |
N individuals | 52 women | 31 women | 200 women | 18 women | 37 midwives | 1277 deliveries | Unclear | 104 birth attendants | 20 women | 371 women | Unclear | 96 women | Unclear | 235 deliveries | Unclear |
N facilities | 2 | 6 | 9 | Unclear | 2 | 15 | 63 | 10 | 1 | 101 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 35 | 1 |
Cadre/ intervention | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Before the intervention | NA | Before the intervention | NA | Doctors |
2nd Estimate | |||||||||||||||
Outcome definition | As above | Hands were washed; unclear if with soap | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | ||||||||
Opportunity type | Before vaginal examination | Before wound care for episiotomy and vaginal tears | Before putting on gloves | Before touching delivery area surfaces and equipment | Before vaginal examination | Before per-vaginal examination | Before aseptic/clean procedures in the labour and emergency room | ||||||||
Numerator | 6 | 4 | 32a | 289 | 5.3a | 92a | 4a | ||||||||
Denominator | 121 | 4 | 63 | 371 | 405 | 242 | 18 | ||||||||
Compliance % | 5.0% | 100%a | 51.0% | 78.0% | 1.3% | 38.0% | 21.2% | ||||||||
N individuals | 31 women | 4 women | Unclear | 371 women | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | ||||||||
N facilities | 6 | Unclear | 63 | 101 | 1 | 35 | 1 | ||||||||
Cadre/intervention | NA | NA | NA | Before the intervention | NA | Nurses | |||||||||
3rd Estimate | |||||||||||||||
Outcome definition | Hands were washed; unclear if with soap | ||||||||||||||
Opportunity type | Cord care; unclear if before/after | ||||||||||||||
Numerator | 9 | ||||||||||||||
Denominator | 22 | ||||||||||||||
Compliance % | 40.9%a | ||||||||||||||
N individuals | 22 newborns | ||||||||||||||
N facilities | Unclear | ||||||||||||||
Cadre/intervention | NA | ||||||||||||||