Table 4 Impact of health insurance and health workforce on choice of healthcare providers before and after China’s health system reform

ARR at PHC institutions

1.44

(0.96, 2.16)

0.28***

(0.18, 0.44)

0.18***

(0.10, 0.31)

1.76 ***

(1.04, 2.74)

1.07

(0.80, 1.44)

0.98

(0.73, 1.32)

ARR at county hospitals

1.31

(0.71, 2.39)

1.68

(0.90, 3.15)

2.92***

(1.51, 5.66)

1.44*

(1.00, 2.08)

1.72***

(1.20, 2.45)

1.87***

(1.27, 2.74)

Physicians density at PHC institutions

1.23***

(1.15, 1.32)

0.43***

(0.30, 0.61)

0.76

(0.43, 1.33)

1.34

(0.80, 2.24)

0.95***

(0.91, 0.99)

0.98

(0.95, 1.02)

Physicians density at county hospitals

1.02

(0.98, 1.06)

1.38***

(1.29, 1.48)

1.45 ***

(1.33, 1.58)

0.91***

(0.89, 0.94)

0.98

(0.95, 1.01)

0.99

(0.96, 1.02)

Inpatient choice of healthcare providers (reference group is township/community healthcare centers)

County

hospitals

Municipal hospitals

Provincial or higher-level hospitals

County

hospitals

Municipal hospitals

Provincial or higher-level hospitals

ARR at PHC institutions

0.75**

(0.57, 0.99)

0.55***

(0.37, 0.82)

0.54***

(0.36, 0.82)

0.54***

(0.44, 0.66)

0.19***

(0.15, 0.24)

0.37***

(0.27, 0.50)

ARR at county hospitals

1.22***

(1.06, 1.41)

1.76***

(1.27, 2.45)

1.85***

(1.34, 2.56)

1.12

(0.91, 1.38)

1.68***

(1.39, 2.03)

2.18***

(1.74, 2.73)

Physicians density at PHC institutions

0.90***

(0.84, 0.97)

0.84***

(0.78, 0.91)

0.92*

(0.85, 1.00)

0.27***

(0.19, 0.36)

0.18***

(0.10, 0.30)

0.28***

(0.16, 0.48)

Physicians density at county hospitals

1.41***

(1.29, 1.53)

1.48***

(1.34, 1.64)

1.52***

(1.37, 1.69)

1.12***

(1.07, 1.17)

1.14***

(1.09, 1.20)

1.16***

(1.11, 1.22)