Table 1 Characteristics of research studies that used RHIS data
| Â | Â | n | Percent |
|---|---|---|---|
Geographical region | |||
 East Asia and Pacific | 8 | 6.1 | |
 Latin America and the Caribbean | 9 | 6.8 | |
 Middle East and North Africa | 2 | 1.5 | |
 South Asia | 15 | 11.4 | |
 Sub-Saharan Africa | 98 | 74.2 | |
Year of publication | |||
  < 2000 | 3 | 2.3 | |
 2000–2004 | 7 | 5.3 | |
 2005–2009 | 10 | 7.6 | |
 2010–2014 | 40 | 30.3 | |
 2015–2019 | 72 | 54.5 | |
RHIS data as source or to inform study | |||
 Data source | 128 | 97.0 | |
 Inform study | 4 | 3.0 | |
Types of study design | |||
 Ecological study - cross-sectional | 13 | 9.8 | |
 Ecological study - longitudinal | 51 | 38.6 | |
 Ecological study - descriptive | 41 | 31.1 | |
 Case study | 11 | 8.3 | |
 Mixed methods study | 13 | 9.8 | |
 Cross-sectional study | 1 | 0.8 | |
 Pre- and post-intervention study | 1 | 0.8 | |
 Nested clustered randomized controlled trial | 1 | 0.8 | |
Data use purpose | |||
 Program evaluation | 67 | 50.8 | |
 Epidemiology | 23 | 17.4 | |
 Monitoring and assessment of service provisions | 30 | 22.7 | |
 Program description | 6 | 4.5 | |
 Impact evaluation | 4 | 3.0 | |
 Cost estimation | 2 | 1.5 | |
Health conditions/service type | |||
 General (multiple aspects) | 21 | 15.9 | |
 Secondary health utilization | 2 | 1.5 | |
 General causes of death | 1 | 0.8 | |
 Maternal and Child health/healthcare | 12 | 9.1 | |
 Maternal health/healthcare | 24 | 18.2 | |
 Child health/healthcare | 11 | 8.3 | |
 Vaccine prevented childhood illnesses | 10 | 7.6 | |
 Malaria | 30 | 22.7 | |
 Malaria & HIV/AIDS | 1 | 0.8 | |
 Malaria & other parasitic diseases | 1 | 0.8 | |
 HIV and related diseases | 8 | 6.1 | |
 Mental health/healthcare | 3 | 2.3 | |
 Other diseases | 5 | 3.8 | |
 Healthcare workforce and other resources | 2 | 1.5 | |
Data issue of RHIS: missingness | |||
 Described how missing data was managed | 33 | 25.0 | |
 No description of how missing data was managed | 99 | 75.0 | |
Data issue of RHIS: outlier | |||
 Described how outlier was detected | 19 | 14.4 | |
 No description of how outlier was detected | 113 | 85.6 | |