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Table 3 Team Observations Results

From: Exploring psychological safety in healthcare teams to inform the development of interventions: combining observational, survey and interview data

Behaviour

Team A Behaviour Count

Team B Behaviour Count

Team C Behaviour Count

Team D Behaviour Count

Team Member

Team Leader

Team Member

Team Leader

Team Member

Team Leader

Team Member

Team Leader

Voice

14

12

30

19

22

20

33

25

 Communicating opinions to others even if they disagree

1

0

2

0

2

0

3

2

 Asking open questions

4

6

8

7

8

5

18

4

 Providing Information

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

10

12

 Providing feedback

7

4

10

10

8

10

0

2

 Providing help or solutions

2

2

10

2

4

5

0

5

 Correcting others

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2

0

Defensive Voice

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

 Denying faults or blame others

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

 Showing aggression (Raising voice, large gestures)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 Evading confrontation by focusing only on positives

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Silence

0

0

2

0

0

0

1

2

 Facial expression indicates fear

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 Facial expression indicates disengagement

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

2

 Closed body language (arms closed, lean backwards)

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

 No eye contact (with speaker)

0

0

0

0

0

0

NA

NA

Supportive

12

14

13

43

23

13

29

21

 Sharing procedures, knowledge and experience

4

9

4

7

11

6

14

3

 Active listening (verify, paraphrase)

3

0

3

7

6

0

1

0

 Acknowledging achievements/ congratulating one another

NA

NA

2

2

1

2

0

2

 Use of inclusive language such as “we”

0

3

0

20

3

5

4

3

 Agreeing/Responding positively or enthusiastically to input

5

2

4

7

3

2

2

3

 Leaders words and deeds align

NA

0

NA

0

NA

0

NA

NA

 Sharing future plans

NA

NA

NA

NA

0

4

8

10

 Delegating tasks

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

4

Unsupportive

0

0

5

1

1

0

0

1

 Interrupting

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

1

 Discussions within small sub-groups

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

 Reacting cold/ignoring a joke

0

0

2

1

0

0

0

0

Learning or Improvement

8

12

16

15

9

10

16

17

 Reviewing own progress and performance

1

0

2

3

1

1

1

3

 Asking for feedback

3

1

1

1

0

0

0

3

 Asking for help or solutions

1

1

0

1

0

0

2

0

 Asking for input from all meeting participants

0

3

1

5

0

5

2

4

 Informing the team about issues or mistakes related to patient safety

2

6

12

2

4

3

5

4

 Looking for improvement opportunities and speaking up with ideas

1

1

0

3

4

1

5

3

 Acknowledging own mistakes

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

1

0

Familiarity

10

4

9

6

8

4

10

8

 Talking about personal, non-work matters (with team members)

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

 Talking about personal, non-work matters (with team leader)

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

 Laughing about a joke

6

3

9

6

8

4

9

7