BMC Health Services Research

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis results of risk factors for pain

From: The prevalence and economic burden of pain on middle-aged and elderly Chinese people: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

		univariate analysis		multivariate analysis
		χ2	p value	OR (95%CI)	p value
age
45–54	0.2761	17.04	0.002
55–64	0.3159			1.17 (1.04,1.32)	0.007
65–74	0.3284			1.23 (1.08,1.42)	0.003
> =75	0.2997			1.03 (0.84,1.26)	0.750
gender
male	0.2549	88.27	< 0.001
female	0.3495	88.27	< 0.001	1.51 (1.36,1.68)	< 0.001
education level
no formal education	0.37	125.17	< 0.001
elementary school	0.2988			0.90 (0.80,1.01)	0.080
middle/high school	0.1826			0.55 (0.44,0.68)	< 0.001
college degree or higher	0.1053			0.34 (0.18,0.63)	0.001
marriage
yes	0.301	2.42	0.12
no	0.3242	2.42	0.12	1.05 (0.90,1.22)	0.508
per capita expenditure
low	0.3156	14.25	0.001
middle	0.3179			1.11 (0.99,1.25)	0.072
high	0.2757			1.05 (0.92,1.19)	0.438
working status
yes	0.304	< 0.01	0.982
no	0.3042	< 0.01	0.982	1.03 (0.91,1.16)	0.602
origin
rural	0.342	101.70	< 0.001
urban	0.2361	101.70	< 0.001	0.64 (0.57,0.70)	< 0.001
insurance status
no insurance	0.3601	17.18	< 0.001
basic medical insurance	0.3017			0.73 (0.61,0.88)	0.001
other types	0.1548			0.42 (0.23,0.79)	0.007
smoking status
no	0.3209	17.26	< 0.001
abstained from smoking	0.2879			1.20 (0.98,1.46)	0.074
yes	0.2761			1.15 (0.99,1.32)	0.062
drinking status
no	0.3141	14.88	0.001
abstained from alcohol	0.3284			1.34 (1.07,1.65)	0.009
yes	0.2713			1.06 (0.93,1.21)	0.355
BMI
normal	0.296	12.94	0.005
low weight	0.3689			1.25 (1.03,1.51)	0.023
overweight	0.3086			1.11 (0.98,1.23)	0.094
obesity	0.2961			1.00 (0.79,1.25)	0.980

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