Table 2 Rates and single variable analysis of antibiotic prescribing by resident and care home characteristics
From: Antibiotic prescribing in UK care homes 2016–2017: retrospective cohort study of linked data
Variable | Number of antibiotic prescriptions | Resident years | Antibiotic prescriptions per resident year | Incidence rate ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Resident-level | ||||
Gender | ||||
Male | 9200 | 3518 | 2.61 | Ref. |
Female | 19,489 | 7213 | 2.70 | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) |
Age | ||||
65–74 | 3823 | 1507 | 2.54 | Ref. |
75–84 | 10,159 | 3955 | 2.57 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
85–94 | 12,649 | 4556 | 2.78 | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) |
95+ | 2058 | 713 | 2.89 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) |
Type of care | ||||
Residential | 8539 | 3434 | 2.49 | Ref. |
Nursing | 20,071 | 7265 | 2.76 | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) |
Dementia | ||||
No | 17,325 | 5996 | 2.89 | Ref. |
Yes | 11,285 | 4703 | 2.40 | 0.86 (0.81–0.92) |
Respite care | ||||
No | 27,461 | 10,184 | 2.70 | Ref. |
Yes | 1228 | 547 | 2.24 | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) |
Entered care home during study period | ||||
No | 17,190 | 6742 | 2.55 | Ref. |
Yes | 11,499 | 3989 | 2.88 | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) |
Status at end of study period | ||||
In home | 10,573 | 4599 | 2.30 | Ref. |
Permanently Discharged | 2340 | 906 | 2.58 | 1.14 (1.05–1.24) |
Died | 15,776 | 5226 | 3.02 | 1.47 (1.39–1.55) |
Number of reported infection episodes during study | ||||
0 | 10,463 | 5405 | 1.94 | Ref. |
1 | 5654 | 2206 | 2.56 | 1.52 (1.42–1.62) |
More than 1 | 12,572 | 3121 | 4.03 | 2.22 (2.07–2.37) |
Number of BNF chapters with repeated prescriptions (excluding antibiotics) | ||||
0–1 | 852 | 1032 | 0.83 | Ref. |
2–4 | 7971 | 3603 | 2.21 | 1.96 (1.77–2.16) |
5–7 | 16,390 | 5267 | 3.11 | 2.48 (2.25–2.73) |
8 or more | 3476 | 829 | 4.19 | 3.19 (2.81–3.62) |
Care home-level | ||||
Country | ||||
England | 19,206 | 7441 | 2.58 | Ref. |
Northern Ireland | 3971 | 1313 | 3.02 | 1.20 (0.94–1.52) |
Scotland | 4526 | 1726 | 2.62 | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) |
Wales | 986 | 251 | 3.93 | 1.72 (0.99–3.00) |
Number of beds | ||||
< 40 | 5708 | 1814 | 3.15 | Ref. |
40–49 | 6930 | 2723 | 2.54 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) |
50–59 | 7378 | 2894 | 2.55 | 0.82 (0.65–1.04) |
60+ | 8673 | 3300 | 2.63 | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) |
Median overall length of stay | ||||
< 1 year | 7041 | 2653 | 2.65 | Ref. |
1–2 years | 18,604 | 6952 | 2.68 | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) |
> 2 years | 3044 | 1126 | 2.70 | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) |
Clinical staff per 100 residents | ||||
< 10 | 6941 | 2643 | 2.63 | Ref. |
10–19 | 15,143 | 5612 | 2.70 | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) |
20+ | 6605 | 2476 | 2.67 | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) |
Care staff per 100 residents | ||||
< 60 | 7219 | 2554 | 2.83 | Ref. |
60–79 | 16,211 | 6187 | 2.62 | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) |
80+ | 5259 | 1990 | 2.64 | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) |
Percentage residents with dementia | ||||
< 10 | 6987 | 2320 | 3.01 | Ref. |
10–80 | 18,411 | 7065 | 2.61 | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) |
80–100 | 3291 | 1346 | 2.44 | 0.82 (0.62–1.07) |
Percentage residents with nursing care | ||||
< 10 | 3594 | 1351 | 2.66 | Ref. |
10–80 | 13,278 | 5055 | 2.63 | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) |
80–100 | 11,817 | 4325 | 2.73 | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) |
Number of infection incidents per bed per year | ||||
Less than 1 | 16,329 | 6548 | 2.49 | Ref. |
1 to 2 | 8316 | 2887 | 2.88 | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) |
2 or more | 4044 | 1297 | 3.12 | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) |