Table 1 Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

• Age 18 years of age or above

• Age 18 years of age or above

• Family member present

• Present

• Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale score ≥ −3 (eligible for delirium assessment)

Exclusion Criteria

• Unable to provide informed consent (patient or family member)

• Unable to provide informed consent (patient or family member)

• Inability to communicate with the research staff (e.g., no hearing impairment and must be fluent in English)

• Inability to communicate with the research staff (e.g., no hearing impairment and must be fluent in English)

• Anticipated to remain in ICU for less 24 h

• Anticipated to remain in ICU for less 24 h

• Primary neurological injury (e.g., severe traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage)

• Glasgow Coma Scale score < 9