Table 1 Trajectories and characteristics of study participants, by sample
From: Formal home care use by older adults: trajectories and determinants in the Lc65+ cohort
2004 sample (N = 995) | 2009 sample (N = 1160) | Both (N = 2155) | N | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formal home care use trajectory between 2012 and 2018a, n (%) | 2155 | # | |||
Non-users | 790 (79.4) | 995 (85.8) | 1785 (82.8) | ||
New users | 125 (12.6) | 116 (10.0) | 241 (11.2) | ||
Former users | 36 (3.6) | 23 (2.0) | 59 (2.7) | ||
Continuing users | 44 (4.4) | 26 (2.2) | 70 (3.3) | ||
Predisposing factors | |||||
Demographic | |||||
Age in 2012, mean (SD) | 76.0 (1.4) | 70.8 (1.4) | 73.2 (2.9) | 2155 | # |
Female sex, n (%) | 600 (60.3) | 704 (60.7) | 1304 (60.5) | 2155 | |
Social | |||||
Born abroad (vs born in Switzerland), n (%) | 239 (24.0) | 313 (27.1) | 552 (25.7) | 2152 | |
Highest level of educational attainment, n (%) | 2152 | # | |||
Compulsory education | 219 (22.1) | 197 (17.0) | 416 (19.3) | ||
Apprenticeship | 402 (40.5) | 461 (39.7) | 863 (40.1) | ||
High school, university or equivalent | 371 (37.4) | 502 (43.3) | 873 (40.6) | ||
Beliefs, knowledge and attitudes | |||||
Knows very well or rather well what a home care organization is and what it can offer (vs rather no or not at all), n (%) | 691 (80.8) | 828 (78.5) | 1519 (79.5) | 1910 | |
Would not hesitate at all to seek help from a home care organization in case of need (vs a little, a lot or would not seek help), n (%) | 489 (58.3) | 595 (57.1) | 1084 (57.6) | 1881 | |
Among respondents that would hesitate to seek help from a home care organization (N = 797), n (%) afraid of | |||||
- Losing their ability to decide for the organization of everyday life | 297 (88.9) | 385 (91.2) | 682 (90.2) | 756 | |
- Losing their privacy | 266 (80.1) | 348 (82.9) | 614 (81.7) | 752 | |
- Losing their ability to choose who comes home | 270 (82.1) | 325 (77.9) | 595 (79.8) | 746 | |
- Seeing their household “invaded” by several people | 274 (82.5) | 319 (76.9) | 593 (79.4) | 747 | |
- The heaviness of administrative procedures | 261 (79.6) | 321 (77.0) | 582 (78.1) | 745 | |
- The waiting time before receiving help and care | 253 (76.7) | 307 (73.8) | 560 (75.1) | 746 | |
- Looking fragile, impaired | 244 (74.9) | 304 (72.9) | 548 (73.8) | 743 | |
- Home care fees | 230 (69.9) | 297 (70.9) | 527 (70.5) | 748 | |
Enabling factors | |||||
Social support | |||||
Without children, n (%) | 214 (21.6) | 242 (21.0) | 456 (21.3) | 2143 | |
Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) score of less than 12 (vs 12 or more), n (%) | 247 (26.0) | 231 (22.6) | 478 (24.2) | 1974 | |
Lives alone, n (%) | 409 (41.4) | 485 (42.0) | 894 (41.7) | 2145 | |
Available income and wealth | |||||
Difficult financial situation, n (%) | 210 (24.8) | 250 (24.4) | 460 (24.6) | 1872 | |
Organization and accessibility | |||||
Number of years with the current attending physician, n (%) | 1868 | # | |||
2 years or less | 96 (11.3) | 138 (13.5) | 234 (12.5) | ||
3 to 10 years | 204 (24.1) | 293 (28.7) | 497 (26.6) | ||
More than 10 years | 548 (64.6) | 589 (57.8) | 1137 (60.9) | ||
Knows very well or rather well how to find a home care organization in case of need (vs rather no or not at all), n (%) | 550 (64.0) | 629 (60.4) | 1179 (62.0) | 1902 | |
Need factors | |||||
Perceived | |||||
Self-rated health reported as fair, poor or very poor (vs very good or good), n (%) | 341 (34.3) | 312 (26.9) | 653 (30.3) | 2155 | # |
Suffers since at least 6 months from, n (%) | 2131 | ||||
- Pain in articulations of legs, shoulders, arms or hands, or back pain | 632 (64.2) | 660 (57.6) | 1292 (60.6) | # | |
- Shortness of breath, difficult breathing | 155 (15.7) | 139 (12.1) | 294 (13.8) | # | |
- Memory lapses affecting everyday life, difficulty concentrating, or difficulty taking decisions in everyday life | 155 (15.7) | 155 (13.5) | 310 (14.6) | ||
- Involuntary leakage of urine | 125 (12.7) | 146 (12.7) | 271 (12.7) | ||
Depressed mood, anhedonia or both during the past 4 weeks, n (%) | 259 (26.3) | 258 (22.4) | 517 (24.2) | 2138 | # |
Mobility difficulties, n (%) | 483 (49.0) | 464 (40.4) | 947 (44.4) | 2133 | # |
Falls not associated with sport activity during the past 12 months, n (%) | 2142 | # | |||
No | 763 (77.2) | 947 (82.1) | 1710 (79.8) | ||
Yes, once | 174 (17.6) | 157 (13.6) | 331 (15.5) | ||
Yes, several times | 51 (5.2) | 50 (4.3) | 101 (4.7) | ||
Fear of falling, n (%) | 2113 | # | |||
Not at all | 455 (46.7) | 641 (56.3) | 1096 (51.9) | ||
Yes, without activity restriction | 387 (39.7) | 394 (34.6) | 781 (37.0) | ||
Yes, with restriction from certain activities because of it | 133 (13.6) | 103 (9.1) | 236 (11.2) | ||
Difficulty or need for help in one or more ADL/IADL, n (%) | 2065 | # | |||
No difficulty or need for help in 2018a | 506 (53.2) | 755 (67.8) | 1261 (61.1) | ||
Difficulty or need for help in 2018a, but not in 2012 | 227 (23.9) | 197 (17.7) | 424 (20.5) | ||
Difficulty or need for help in 2012 and 2018a | 218 (22.9) | 162 (14.5) | 380 (18.4) | ||
Evaluated | |||||
Number of diagnosed chronic health conditionsb reported during the past 12 months, n (%) | 2135 | # | |||
0 | 267 (27.2) | 365 (31.7) | 632 (29.6) | ||
1 | 289 (29.4) | 381 (33.1) | 670 (31.4) | ||
More than 1 | 427 (43.4) | 406 (35.2) | 833 (39.0) | ||
Treated for or suffering from the following diagnosed chronic health conditions during the past 12 months, n (%) | 2135 | ||||
- Coronary artery disease, heart failure, heart valve/muscle disease, or cerebrovascular disease | 114 (11.6) | 92 (8.0) | 206 (9.7) | # | |
- Diabetes | 101 (10.3) | 117 (10.2) | 218 (10.2) | ||
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma | 89 (9.1) | 105 (9.1) | 194 (9.1) | ||
- Osteoarthritis or other types of arthritis | 294 (29.9) | 282 (24.5) | 576 (27.0) | # | |
- Cancer, malignancy, lymphoma | 43 (4.4) | 57 (5.0) | 100 (4.7) | ||
Unintentional weight loss during the past 12 months, n (%) | 116 (11.8) | 120 (10.4) | 236 (11.0) | 2140 | |
Frailty phenotype, n (%) | 2098 | # | |||
Robust | 466 (47.9) | 608 (54.0) | 1074 (51.2) | ||
Pre-frail | 409 (42.1) | 460 (40.9) | 869 (41.4) | ||
Frail | 97 (10.0) | 58 (5.2) | 155 (7.4) | ||