Ethnic and gender differences in the management of type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from Norwegian general practice

Table 4 Mean HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol with 95% CI in individuals with type 2 diabetes by ethnicity

Variable mean (95%CI)	Ethnicity
Variable mean (95%CI)	Western Europeans	Eastern Europeans	Eastern Asians	South Asians	MENA ^a	Eastern Africans
N	8495	184	218	798	340	126
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	53 (52 to 53)	58 (56 to 61)*	54 (53 to 56)*	56 (55 to 57)*	55 (54 to 57)*	52 (50 to 55)
HbA1c (%)	7.0 (6.9 to 7.0)	7.5 (7.3 to 7.7)*	7.1 (7.0 to 7.3)*	7.3 (7.2 to 7.4)*	7.3 (7.1 to 7.4)*	6.9 (6.7 to 7.2)
Systolic BP (mmHg)	135.9 (135.4 to 136.4)	137.5 (134.6 to 140.3)	132.1 (129.6 to 134.6)*	131.8 (130.4 to 133.2)*	132.9 (130.8 to 135.1)*	132.4 (128.8 to 136.1)
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	78.3 (78.1 to 78.6)	78.3 (76.7 to 79.9)	76.3 (74.9 to 77.7)*	75.6 (74.8 to 76.4)*	75.7 (74.6 to 76.9)*	75.0 (72.9 to 77.0)*
LDL-chol (mmol/L)	2.8 (2.7 to 2.9)	2.9 (2.8 to 3.1)	2.6 (2.5 to 2.8)	2.7 (2.6 to 2.8)	2.7 (2.6 to 2.9)	2.9 (2.7 to 3.1)

^a MENA: Middle Easterners/North Africans. Multilevel linear regression models with random effects at general practice level were used to estimate the ethnic differences with Westerners as reference adjusted for individual characteristics (age, gender, diabetes duration and education), general practitioner characteristics (gender, specialist status and years working as general practitioner in Norway) and county of residence in Norway. * No overlap in 95% CIs, indicating significant difference between Westerners and the particular minority group. The number of observations included in univariate/multivariate analyses for mean HbA1c were 9059/8300, respectively. The corresponding number of observations included in regression analyses for mean BP were 8897/8178 and for LDL-cholesterol 6866/6313

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